数字高程模型生成中的高程序同构

通过揭示三维地面严密的高程有序性,揭示并定义了数字高程模型(DEM)生成中的高程序同构特性。在此基础上论证了DEM的高程序同构的必需条件——内插生成过程中与地面的拓扑对应和变换的“高处仍高,低处仍低”的数量特性,并据此论证了在DEM生成中三种主要内插方法的高程序同构特性。     

Evaluation of Information Loss in Digital Elevation Models With Digital Photogrammetric Systems

Information loss is caused when a surface is sampled with a finite interval, such as in the production of a digital elevation model (DEM). This information loss can become the dominant part of the error in a DEM. The ability to quantify information loss enables guidance to be provided for an appropriate choice of grid interval and better accuracy assessment for the DEM. With the use of digital photogrammetric systems, evaluation of information loss has become much easier. This paper describes three methods of evaluating information loss. An example is given of the method which is most appropriate for use with a digital photogrammetric system, based on rock cliff surface data and the VirtuoZo system.     

Distribution and effectiveness of nivation in Mediterranean mountains: Peñalara (Spain)

Snow accumulation is responsible for geomorphic and biogeographic processes taking place in the southern sector of the Peñalara massif in central Spain (40°51′N, 3°57′W; max. altitude 2428 m at Pico de Peñalara). This work compares the intensity of nivation on the eastern slope, leeward of the prevailing westerly winds and heavily eroded by glacial activity during the Pleistocene, to that of the western slope on the windward side, unaffected by glacial erosion and completely covered by a thick weathering mantle. On the eastern slope, nivation is effective only where the weathering mantle is exposed or on morainic formations. It does not occur on the landforms derived from glacial erosion. In contrast, the western side shows almost no evidence of snow action except where catastrophic mass movements have altered the regularity of the slope. During the post-glacial epoch, nivation cirques formed in the scars left by mass wasting. In the last 30 years, spring temperatures have increased and this activity has diminished. The pattern of evolution observed at Peñalara can be extrapolated to other Mediterranean mountains with similar characteristics such as marginal glacial activity during the Pleistocene, unconsolidated formations on the summits caused by chemical weathering, and dry, hot summers that can increase the effectiveness of nivation.     

塔中地区卡1三维区块奥陶系鹰山组台内滩的地震相特征与分布

塔里木盆地塔中地区奥陶系鹰山组是海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探的有利目标层位。为查明塔中地区卡1三维区块鹰山组台内滩储层的空间分布,基于大量的岩心、钻井、地震资料,通过井震对比,分析台内滩的地震反射特征,并在此基础上预测卡1区块内鹰山组台内滩的分布。研究认为,台内滩内部多具有高频无序反射,振幅的强弱变化明显,且不均匀,两翼地层厚度有较明显的变化,与相邻层位岩性有明显差异;在顶面和底面多具有宽、缓的透镜状或丘状地震反射波外形,台内滩附近的围岩,较明显地超覆或披覆在台内滩之上。在精细解释三维地震资料的基础上,利用地震属性,对鹰山组古地貌进行了恢复,预测卡1三维区块奥陶系鹰山组的台内滩有利发育区,为区内高能滩相储集层的评价奠定基础。     

Remote forcing of Indian Ocean warming on Northwest Pacific during E1 Nino decaying years： a FOAM model approach

This paper attempts to analyze in detail the remote influence of the Indian Ocean Basin warming on the Northwest Pacific （NWP） during the year of decaying E1 Nifio. Observation data and the Fast Ocean- Atmosphere coupled Model 1.5 were used to investigate the triggering conditions under which the remote influence is formed between the positive sea surface temperature （SST） anomaly in the North Indian Ocean and the Anomalous Northwest Pacific anticyclone （ANWPA）. Our research show that it is only when there is a contributory background wind field over the Indian Ocean, i,e., when the Indian Summer Monsoon （ISM） reaches its peak, that the warmer SST anomaly in the North Indian Ocean incites significant easterly wind anomalies in the lower atmosphere of the Indo-West tropical Pacific. This then produces the remote influence on the ANWPA. Therefore, the SST anomaly in the North Indian Ocean might interfere with the prediction of the East Asia Summer Monsoon in the year of decaying E1 Nifio. Both the sustaining effect of local negative SST anomalies in the NWP, and the remote effect of positive SST anomalies in the North Indian Ocean on the ANWPA, should be considered in further research.     

局部最优形态参数的RBF分块地形插值方法与实验

径向基函数（Radial Basis Function,RBF）是一种不需对数据做任何假设,能准确逼近任意维度数据的空间插值方法。其特别适合于复杂地形的数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model,DEM）插值重建,但随着已知点数量的增加会导致插值模型求解困难或缓慢。针对这个问题,本文基于二叉树自适应递归分块原理,采用局部最优形态参数的RBF分块插值方法进行DEM插值重建。首先,设定子区域最小点数阈值和相邻子区域的重叠率,自顶向下,对研究区域进行递归分块,构建区域分块二叉树,对二叉树叶子节点区域,采用逐点交叉验证（Leave One Out Cross Validation,LOOCV）方法求解其最优形态参数,建立局部RBF最优插值模型;然后,根据单元分解原理,采用加权平均方法对相应叶子节点区域内的待插值点高程进行加权求和,自底向上递归求解,得到待插值点最终高程值。以云南某地区DEM进行插值实验表明,采用本文方法进行DEM插值重建,稳定性较好,插值精度高。     

新疆库车盆地钾盐科探1井含盐系地球化学特征及找钾指示

在盐湖沉积演化过程中,钾盐矿物在盐类沉积的中晚期阶段才开始析出。因此,研究含盐系盐类的沉积地球化学特征,不仅可以从侧面获取岩盐的沉积物源和成盐古卤水蒸发浓缩程度等地球化学信息,而且更能揭示古盐湖钾盐富集趋势。文章通过对库车盆地钾盐科探1井钻取的岩芯样品进行高精度采样测试,得出岩盐中Mg×103/Cl、K×103/Cl、Li×103/Cl与K+、Mg2+、Li+、Ca2+、Cl-含量的垂向变化规律。并与库车盆地其他钻孔中的岩盐含钾性进行对比,同时,依据钻井剖面岩性特征,与潜江凹陷和大汶口凹陷含盐系剖面进行对比,论述研究区成盐的地球化学特征,对其钾盐成矿前景进行分析和评价。     

刘桥一矿陷落柱发育规律及含水性研究

根据刘桥一矿1971年建井至今发现的8个陷落柱实际资料，通过对揭露陷落柱的地质、水文地质及分布特征的分析，阐述了陷落柱发育的根基所在，对陷落柱发育规律及成因进行了探讨，对于含水陷落柱的注浆封堵、留设保护煤岩柱，以及本矿矿井的深部开采都具有借鉴意义。     

基于点云滤波的DOM自动生产算法

针对目前生产高精度DOM生成效率低、人工编辑干预较大等现状,提出了一种基于点云滤波的DOM自动生产方式。该方法通过对空三解算后的影像匹配密集点云DSM,使用基于TIN的加密滤波方式进行滤波计算,解决了滤波后空洞区域插值问题,制作出满足微分纠正需求的DEM模型,并基于该模型进行微分纠正生成DOM成果。通过选取ISPRS城区试验数据和实际工程山区数据进行验证,证明该算法不仅提高了效率,同时优化了成果质量,DOM成果精度符合规范要求。     

锦州25—1区块探井钻井实践与认识

锦州25—1油田是渤海湾近年钻探发现的大型油田。锦州25—1区块先后钻了十多口探井,在钻井作业中遇到上部井眼扩大严重、井径不规则、井垮、起下钻遏阻卡、电测作业遏阻、电测井底沉砂较多、井漏等复杂情况。通过对锦州25—1区块前面几口探井钻井中出现的问题进行认真分析,研究了锦州25—1区块的地层压力剖面分布。经过不断的总结与措施改进后,在后面的探井钻井作业中做到了起下钻顺利,上部井径扩大率较小,未出现井垮情况,电测一次到底,钻井作业生产时间大幅度提高,为锦州25—1油田的生产井钻井积累了宝贵的经验。