关于建立测绘技术进步指标体系框架的探讨

本文从技术进步的基本理论出发,结合测绘生产单位的实际情况,研究和探讨如何在测绘系统内建立测绘技术进步指标体系的一些框架内容。希望对测绘管理和规划部门有所帮助。     

江南南部—华南北部前汛期严重旱涝诊断分析

利用江南南部—华南北部区域18个站45年（1951～1995年）4～6月降水资料计算了Z指数,确定出该区域严重涝年（1954、1962、1968、1973、1975年）和严重旱年（1958、1963、1967、1985、1991年）。分析了严重旱涝的频数分布和空间分布的特征,以及印度洋和太平洋整个赤道地区的SSTA、OLR距平场的分布。结果表明旱涝年SSTA、OLR距平场均有明显的差异。     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Long-term changes in copepods assemblages in the area of the Danube floodplain (Slovak–Hungarian stretch)

The present study investigates the relationship between hydrological connectivity and species diversity in a by-passed channel section, and in the adjacent water bodies of the Slovak–Hungarian Danube section (1,840.5–1,804.4 rkm). The study was designed to assess long-term temporal trends (from 1991 to 2013) in freshwater copepods assemblages and their ecological indices in different habitats of the Danube floodplain area. One of the purpose of this study was to monitor the species composition of copepods communities and ascertain their shift in various biotopes of the Danube floodplain system. Based on 23 years data, in the first step, the copepods habitat preferences using habitat values (HV) and indicator weights (IW), calculated from data collected over all the years of monitoring of planktonic communities of the Danube floodplain, were quantified. Subsequently, the floodplain index (FI) from a summary of the habitat values and indication weights of the current species was calculated, to evaluate changes in the connectivity of the anabranched section of the Slovak–Hungarian Danube. This confirmed the loss of active hydrological connectivity within the main river channel, ranging from the eupotamal to more or less isolated floodplain water bodies. Out of 50 recorded copepods species, 11 species manifest a preference for eupotamal habitats, 18 taxa preferred eupotamal B/parapotamal habitats and 21 species were found to prefer the plesiopotamal habitat type. The statistical analyses demonstrated that the structure of planktonic copepod communities in this area has changed since the Gabčíkovo hydropower plant was placed into operations. The NMDS analysis revealed shifts in the proportion of euplanktonic and tychoplanktonic species. Reversible community changes were found in the old river bed and in the eupotamal-B side arms.     

遥感数据产品真实性检验不确定性分析研究进展

不确定性分析是遥感产品真实性检验最重要的部分,本文以叶面积指数LAI为例,从测量、模型以及蕴含在测量和模型中的尺度效应3个方面分析产品真实性检验过程的不确定性来源,并针对问题提出减小其不确定性的办法。对于相对均一的地表,地面测量的空间代表性比较好,可不考虑地表空间代表性引起的尺度效应和蕴含在模型中的尺度效应引起的不确定性。针对异质性地表,分为两种情况:若模型是线性的,蕴含在模型中的尺度效应可以忽略,只需要考虑测量的不确定性、模型本身的不确定性、以及地面测量的空间代表性引起的尺度效应;若模型是非线性的,则测量、模型和蕴含在测量和模型中的尺度效应引起的不确定性都需要考虑。     

Illumination effects on the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio's optimality for assessing fire severity

The influence of illumination effects on the optimality of the dNBR (differenced Normalized Burn Ratio) was evaluated for the case of the 2007 Peloponnese (Greece) wildfires using a pre/post-fire Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) image couple. Well-illuminated pixels (south and south-east facing slopes) exhibited more optimal displacements in the bi-spectral feature space than more shaded pixels (north and north-west exposed slopes). Moreover, pixels experiencing a small image-to-image difference in illumination obtained a higher optimality than pixels with a relatively large difference in illumination. To correct for illumination effects, the c-correction method and a modified c-correction technique were applied. The resulting median dNBR optimality of uncorrected, c-corrected and modified c-correction data was respectively 0.58, 0.60 and 0.71 (differences significant for p < 0.001). The original c-correction method improved the optimality of badly illuminated pixels while deteriorating the optimality of well-illuminated pixels. In contrast, the modified c-correction technique improved the optimality of all the pixels while retaining the prime characteristic of topographic correction techniques, i.e. detrending the illumination–reflectance relationship. For a minority of the data, for shaded pixels and/or pixels with a high image-to-image difference in illumination, the original c-correction outperformed the modified c-correction technique. In this study conducted in rugged terrain and with a bi-temporal image acquisition scheme that deviated up to two months from the ideal anniversary date scheme the modified c-correction technique resulted in a more reliable change detection.     

西藏多龙矿集区荣那铜金矿床蚀变矿物学和地球化学及找矿意义

位于西藏多龙矿集区的荣那铜金矿床是班公湖-怒江成矿带首例斑岩型-浅成低温热液型矿床,它的发现对于班公湖-怒江成矿带找矿模型的构建以及资源潜力评估有着重要意义。本文以荣那矿床ZK3204岩芯钻孔为研究对象,针对其蚀变矿物,运用短波红外光谱测试技术,并结合金属矿物组合以及黄铁矿LA-ICP-MS原位微量元素特征,以期查明其矿床成因,并为深部资源勘查提供理论依据。短波红外光谱测试显示出ZK3204钻孔蚀变矿物垂向分带组合为:高岭石+(地开石)→高岭石+伊利石→高岭石+(地开石+石膏)→高岭石+绢云母+伊利石→高岭石+伊利石+(叶腊石)+(地开石),金属矿物也从Cu-S体系逐渐转变为Cu-Fe-S体系。通过黄铁矿LA-ICP-MS原位微量元素分析发现,黄铁矿可分为四类,分别对应荣那矿床四个成矿阶段:(1) Py I:Co、Ni、Cu、Ag、Au含量较低,Co/Ni显示为沉积成因,代表成岩期黄铁矿;(2) PyⅡ:Co、Ni含量较低,Cu、Ag、Au含量较高,Co/Ni显示为沉积成因,代表第一期斑岩型矿床成矿期黄铁矿;(3) PyⅢ:Co含量较低,Ni、Cu、Ag、Au含量较高,Co/Ni显示为沉积成因,代表第二期斑岩型矿床成矿期黄铁矿;(4) PyⅣ:Cu、Ag、Au含量较低,Co、Ni含量较高,Co/Ni显示为热液成因,代表浅成低温热液矿床成矿期黄铁矿。风化作用也是荣那矿床重要地质过程,贯穿于各成矿阶段,反映为早白垩世班公湖-怒江洋盆向北俯冲消减大背景下的多龙矿集区隆升事件,导致矿床被大量剥蚀,也使黄铁矿显示沉积成因。荣那矿床目前仍有较大找矿潜力,在钻孔深部(815m以下),黄铁矿Cu、Ag、Au含量,钻孔中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Hg等含量,绢云母、伊利石含量以及铜金矿的矿石品位均有向下升高的趋势,说明在ZK3204钻孔下部仍有巨大的找矿潜力,可作为未来深部资源探测的重点对象。     

珠江口盆地荔湾凹陷上渐新统—早中新统物源特征及其对沉积充填的影响

利用化学蚀变指数法恢复物源区的风化历史及沉积物通量是一种经济实用、行之有效的方法。前人对珠江口盆地荔湾凹陷对应物源区的研究相对薄弱。本文通过对区内岩心测试数据进行化学蚀变指数分析,恢复晚渐新世—早中新世物源区的风化历史,并进行沉积物通量的估算,在此基础上探讨物源特征对研究区内沉积充填的控制作用。研究表明,晚渐新世研究区对应物源区经历了强烈风化阶段,该阶段产生的丰富的沉积物供给是研究区西北部快速进积、规模壮观的陆架边缘三角洲及斜坡重力流沉积体系发育的重要控制因素之一;早中新世,西北物源区风化减弱,沉积供给减少,但研究区东部沉积物供应较西部要充分得多,表明早中新世,研究区南部除了来自西北部的主要物源外,局部物源对该时期的沉积具有重要影响;推测东部物源(东部古隆起、兴宁古隆起)的突然复活是促进研究区东部早中新世沟槽形成发育的重要原因之一。在超深水区进行沉积物源区的研究中,这种半定量的方法对盆内局部物源的确定具有重要的指示意义。     

Geographical Conditions and National Strategies

This paper is a summary based on the relationship between national conditions and development strategies for decades of consulting research. Through cases, the paper outlined the basic meaning of national conditions and geographical conditions and their close relationship with national development strategies, and emphasized the importance of comprehensive thinking and scientific judgment in the process of carrying out the governments’ strategies and development policies, and making development policies. At last, suggestions were made that the points of China’s national conditions and the rules of connection with government decision-making should be written into geography textbooks as well as into textbooks for party schools of the Communist Party of China.