Chronology of the Pueblo Viejo epithermal gold–silver deposit,Dominican Republic: formation in an Early Cretaceous intra-oceanic island arc and burial under ophiolite

The Pueblo Viejo deposit (production to 1996: 166 t Au, 760 t Ag) is located in the Dominican Republic on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola and ranks as one of the largest high-sulfidation/acid-sulfate epithermal deposits (reserves in 2007: 635 t Au, 3,648 t Ag). One of the advanced argillic ore bodies is cut by an inter-mineral andesite porphyry dike, which is altered to a retrograde chlorite–illite assemblage but overprinted by late-stage quartz–pyrite–sphalerite veins and associated low-grade Au, Ag, Zn, Cd, Hg, In, As, Se, and Te mineralization. The precise TIMS U–Pb age (109.6 ± 0.6 Ma) of the youngest zircon population in this dike confirms that the deposit is part of the Early Cretaceous Los Ranchos intra-oceanic island arc. Intrusion-related gold–sulfide mineralization took place during late andesite–dacite volcanism within a thick pile (>200 m) of carbonaceous sand- and siltstones deposited in a restricted marine basin. The high-level deposit was shielded from erosion after burial under a late Albian (109–100 Ma) ophiolite complex (8 km thick), which was in turn covered by the volcano-sedimentary successions (>4 km) of a Late Cretaceous–Early Tertiary calc-akaline magmatic arc. Estimates of stratigraphic thickness and published alunite, illite, and feldspar K-Ar ages and closure temperatures (alunite 270 ± 20°C, illite 260 ± 30°C, K-feldspar 150°C) indicate a burial depth of about 12 km at 80 Ma. During peak burial metamorphism (300°C and 300 MPa), the alteration assemblage kaolinite + quartz in the deposit dehydrated to pyrophyllite. Temperature–time relations imply that the Los Ranchos terrane then cooled at a rate of 3–4°C/Ma during slow uplift and erosion.     

LT区低信噪比地震资料现场处理方法

针对LOTUS区块的地震资料,研究了复杂地表区低信噪比地震资料现场处理的方法。在大量的试验和分析的基础上,采用高程静校正与折射静校正相结合的方法,有效解决了因地表起伏大、低降带速度和厚度剧烈变化引起的野外静校正问题。对于面波、低频干扰,规则线性干扰等造成的地震资料信噪比降低进行了针对性的压制和消弱。采用地表一致性反褶积技术基本解决了因激发和接收条件引起的不同炮集记录上的地震波属性的变化。总结了一套适合该区地震资料现场处理的方法和流程。     

民国时期江西省城市用地与城市化水平

定量重建历史时期城市土地利用规模、结构和城市化水平数据集有助于更好地模拟土地覆被变化的环境效应。根据日本侵华战争军事地形图资料,在ArcGIS平台定量重建民国时期江西省范围内县级以上城市用地规模和结构,取得了一套可用于历史时期土地利用模型的城垣周长、城市用地面积、城垣内非建设用地、城垣外建设用地情况的综合数据集,并在此基础上分析了县域尺度下的土地城市化水平。与更为详细的大比例尺地图的比较表明,本套数据集误差在±10%之内。有“城内田”现象的城市为20个,有“城外市”现象的城市为28个,分别占江西省全部城市数的25%和35%。城市用地重建结果表明,江西省80个县级及以上城市总建设用地面积为87.99 km²,约占全省总面积的0.053%。民国时期江西的整体城市化率为0.047%,最高的南昌为0.19%,最低的遂川县仅为0.007%,城市化水平与县域人口总量呈正相关（r = 0.457,P < 0.001）。空间格局分析表明,江西省县域城市化水平具有北高南低的特点。江西省民国时期城市用地和城市化水平数据集可以为相关全球环境变化模型提供直接的用地基础数据。     

刚果(金)加丹加铜矿带地质特征及成矿前景

刚果(金)加丹加是非洲板块克拉通的一部分,在该地区有世界上最著名的加丹加弧形铜成矿带,科卢韦齐(Klowezi)铜矿就产生在该成矿带上,含矿地层主要为罗安组,由泥质石英岩、长石石英砂岩、泥质岩等组成,多呈正地形,出露面积较大。科卢韦齐铜矿总体走向80°,倾向170°,矿体长1300m,平均厚度13.34m,最大厚度50.79m。孔雀石是找铜矿的主要标志。     

Trends in impact of acidification on groundwater bodies in the Czech Republic; an estimation of atmospheric deposition at the horizon 2015

The acidification of surface and groundwaters is a long standing issue in the Czech Republic which culminated in the second half of the last century by mass extinction of forest cover in many mountainous regions. The total deposition of sulfur at that time was reaching as much as about 108 kg/ha/year. This resulted in a decrease of alkalinity in groundwaters, decrease of pH and on the other hand an increase in concentration of nitrates, sulfates, berylium and aluminium. Desulfurization of power plants and attenuation of heavy industry leads to a decrease in sulfur deposition down to the present mean values around 16.5 kg/ha/year. It is expected that around the year 2010 the sulfur deposition should not have a substantial impact on the environment providing the similar trend would continue. However, a reverse trend can be observed in deposition of nitrogen. The growth of road traffic and more frequent use of earth gas for heating lead to a dramatic rise in nitrogen throughfall of which mean value increased from 15.4 kg/ha/year in 1990 up to 25.7 kg/ha/year in 2001. If such trend continues in future, then the mean values of nitrogen throughfall would attain 37.8 kg/ha/year in 2015, so that the nitrogen would take over the role of sulfur in acidification. Therefore, the problem of acidification in Central Europe is by no means resolved, only the structure of acidification input has been changed.     

Spatial relationships of salt distribution and related physical changes of underlying rocks on naturally weathered sandstone exposures (Bohemian Switzerland National Park,Czech Republic)

Efflorescence, case hardening, and granular disintegration represent common weathering features of Upper Cretaceous quartz sandstones exposed in the Bohemian Switzerland National Park (NW Bohemia, Czech Republic). Salt species (sulphates: gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O), potassium alum (KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O), tschermigite (NH₄Al(SO₄)₂·12H₂O), alunite (K(Al₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆), and alunogen (Al₂(SO₄)₃·17H₂O), minor nitrates: nitrammite (NH₄NO₃)) determined by X-ray diffraction exhibit vertical and geographic zoning. More soluble salts (chlorides, nitrates, tschermigite) crystallize preferentially on the cliffs exposed to the south, whereas the north face is characterized by the presence of less soluble phases: gypsum and K(Al₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆. Vertical zoning of salt distribution on natural outcrops differs from the salt distribution in masonry. Salt distribution near the base of the cliff (profile to about 2–2.5 m above the ground) is affected by capillary rise from the ground level (first maximum of water-soluble salts at the level of 1–1.5 m above the ground) and by percolation of precipitation through the overhanging rock sequence (second maximum of 2–2.5 m above the ground). Percolation of salt solution from higher parts is affected by the asperity of the rock surface. The concentration of salts (determined by ion exchange chromatography) correlates to the changes of physical properties: bulk porosity, microporosity and water absorption. The porosity, microporosity, moisture content and absorption generally increase with the increasing volume of sulphates and nitrates.     

Formation of homogeneous regions for regional frequency analysis of extreme precipitation events in the Czech Republic

Extreme high precipitation amounts are among environmental events with the most disastrous consequences for human society. This paper deals with the identification of ‘homogeneous regions’ according to statistical characteristics of precipitation extremes in the Czech Republic, i.e. the basic and most important step toward the regional frequency analysis. Precipitation totals measured at 78 stations over 1961–2000 are used as an input dataset. Preliminary candidate regions are formed by the cluster analysis of site characteristics, using the average-linkage clustering and Ward’s method. Several statistical tests for regional homogeneity are utilized, based on the 10-yr event and the variation of L-moment statistics. In compliance with results of the tests, the area of the Czech Republic has been divided into four homogeneous regions. The findings are supported by simulation experiments proposed to evaluate stability of the test results. Since the regions formed reflect also climatological differences in precipitation regimes and synoptic patterns causing high precipitation amounts, their future application may not be limited to the frequency analysis of extremes.     

The international automobile trade of the Republic of Korea during the 1980s: the North American connection

This article investigates the spatial dimension of exports of automobiles from the Republic of Korea (ROK), the market for which has been dominated since 1986 by the United States (US). Two theories are reviewed which have been advanced to explain the pattern and nature of trade, comparative and competitive advantage. This paper examines these theories and assesses their explanatory utility in the light of the evidence from the ROK. The ROK trade patterns in the automobile industry are used to assess these theories and it is suggested that the results are applicable to other locations and industrial sectors.     

Geochemistry of gold-bearing metamorphic rocks of the Natitingou area,Atacora structural unit,Northwestern Bénin (West Africa): Implications for Au genesis

The Natitingou area within the Atacora Structural Unit (ASU) of the Pan-African Dahomeyide orogenic belt, northwestern Bénin, is characterized by the monocyclic metasedimentary formations, amphibolites and orthogneisses which belong to the Internal zone of the belt. Representative samples of these different gold-bearing rocks have been analyzed geochemically to determine their petrogenesis, mode of emplacement, tectonic setting and role in the genesis of gold mineralization in the area. The orthogneisses are subalkaline, peraluminous and emplaced in a syn-collisional arc setting while the amphibolites are metaluminous, tholeiitic with an E-MORB affinity and emplaced in a rifted lithospheric setting. The metasedimentary rocks, comprising quartzites and mica schists are cross-cut by auriferous quartz veins. The metasedimentary rocks are recycled sediments varying from wackes to sublitharenite in composition and deposited in a passive margin setting. The quartz veins similar to the metasedimentary rocks are enriched in LREE, depleted in HREE and showed a negative Eu-anomaly (0.31–0.72). Their chondrite-normalised REE patterns deciphered them as Upper Continental Crustal materials which were probably derived from the reworking of their host metasedimentary rocks. Gold concentration in quartzites, amphibolites, mica schists, quartz veins and orthogneiss were 0.004–9.587, 0.26–1.76, 0.0005–0.464, 0.023–0.147 and 0.0−0.0005 ppm, respectively. Devolatilization process of the country-rocks, is the most probable mechanism for the ore-forming fluid, which could have been generated during the Pan-African Dahomeyide event. Remobilisation of gold and associated metal (As, W, Cu, Mo, Sb, and Sn) after the Pan-African Dahomeyide orogeny is suggested for enrichment of gold along shear and fault zones of the Natitingou area.     

刚果(金)加丹加鲁苏西铜钴矿床S、C、O、Sr同位素特征及矿床成因

鲁苏西铜钴矿床位于刚果(金)加丹加铜钴矿带,是该区域典型层控铜钴矿床。该矿床的矿石类型依据氧化程度可分为硫化矿和氧化矿。野外地质观察和区域资料分析表明,硫化矿的成矿期可分为成岩早期和造山期,矿石矿物为黄铜矿、斑铜矿、硫铜钴矿和辉铜矿。氧化矿主要为铜钴硫化物在富水表生环境下淋滤而成。矿床的同位素数据分析表明:该矿床成岩期的硫化物为以生物还原作用为主,硫源来自元古宙海水,碳源以海相无机碳为主,放射性锶同位素与基底物质有关;造山期硫化物生成以热化学还原作用为主,成矿流体来自蒸发盐的溶解,硫源来自早期硫化物再活化和蒸发盐溶解,碳氧同位素表明成矿流体与围岩发生了强烈的缓冲反应。综合分析表明,蒸发相的海水为鲁苏西铜钴矿富集和成岩早期成矿提供了有利条件,造山期改造和表生期氧化对矿床品位的富集影响明显。