《极地水域船舶作业国际规则》的法律属性析论

《极地水域船舶作业国际规则》(简称《极地规则》)是国际海事组织为极地水域船舶航行安全与防止环境污染制定的技术性国际规则。该规则的体系构成是以MARPOL、SOLAS和STCW三大公约修正案为基础,因此使其对缔约国具有强制约束力,并沿袭了技术性、前瞻性等属性。从普适性角度衡量,该规则因为制定主体、立法结构与实际履约等问题尚不足以构成“一般接受的国际规则和标准”。我国应当吸取其中的先进立法理念,并积极加强国内履约,为即将到来的北极航运高峰做准备。此外,鉴于《极地规则》与《联合国海洋法公约》(简称《公约》)的冰封区域条款之间相对独立,我国在遵守沿海国单边立法的同时应积极倡导在极地地区适用以《极地规则》为核心的统一标准。我国对北极航道的使用呈逐年增加的趋势,这势必要求厘清《极地规则》的法律属性以维护我国的北极航运利益。     

Property speculation,global capital,urban planning and financialisation: Sydney Boom,Sydney Bust redux

In this ‘Thinking Space’ essay we revisit Maurie Daly’s 1982 book Sydney Boom, Sydney Bust, fuelled by concern for how Australian cities are being transformed by financialised real estate. Daly's insights remain highly relevant to Sydney and other cities around Australia and the world today. Poorly planned densification, inflated property markets, land speculation, and housing poverty are all outcomes of the (global) capitalist intersection of finance and land in Australia. The overwriting of Aboriginal country with colonial-capitalist systems of land ownership set in train a process of land and housing booms, bubbles and busts that are better understood by their circular continuity rather than as a set of ephemeral ruptures. It is the property and finance system itself, rather than any ruptures to it, that reproduces unequal and alienating social relations. Researchers investigating property speculation, global capital, urban planning and financialisation, we argue, ought to revisit this key text to inform their contemporary analyses. Moreover, those wielding power over Australian urban affairs would do well to read it too, lest its lessons be ignored for another generation.     

贵南铁路建设对荔波－环江喀斯特世界自然遗产地地貌价值的影响

基于“3S”技术，结合水文、地质地貌等野外考察，围绕喀斯特水动力效应、地貌响应及缓冲区的缓冲作用进行分析，探讨了贵南铁路对荔波－环江喀斯特世界自然遗产地地貌价值的影响。结果表明：1）贵南铁路线路穿过荔波－环江喀斯特的缓冲区，未穿过遗产地，对遗产地地貌价值无直接影响；2）线路以桥梁、隧道、路基的形式穿过缓冲区，以桥梁形式跨过遗产地上游地表河与地下河，河中不设桥墩，基本不影响遗产地上游水质水量；缓冲区的九万大山二号隧道可能使缓冲区隧区降深漏斗带内地下水位降低，但对遗产地的水文地质条件和喀斯特作用过程的影响极小；位于缓冲区的路基出露处均为非喀斯特地貌，不影响遗产地喀斯特地貌；3）遗产地大、小七孔与茂兰－环江2个片区分属不同的水文地质单元，无统一的地下水水力联系，贵南铁路对遗产地2个片区之间地下水水力联系及喀斯特作用过程无影响；4）线路将影响缓冲区的13个峰丛洼地共计面积5.32 km²，占缓冲区总面积的1.22%，基本不影响缓冲区的缓冲作用。     

Rights based fishing on the high seas: Is it possible?

The high seas fisheries are troubled by overcapacity and lax enforcement of management rules. The idea has emerged that these problems could be dealt with by property rights solutions such as ITQs. Such management tools only emerged after the 200-mile EEZ was established. This made it possible to apply the sovereign state's legislative, enforcement and judiciary apparatus to regulate fisheries. It is argued that without the EEZ such solutions would have been unlikely to emerge, and that a further extension of the EEZ is necessary to apply rights-based regulations to high seas fisheries. The current management regime of high seas fisheries lacks the necessary enforcement apparatus, which makes it necessary to apply trade sanctions, port measures and blacklisting to support regulations of high seas fisheries. It is argued that such measures are likely to be the second best, compared to further extending coastal state jurisdiction. Finally a bioeconomic model is applied to analyze potential gains from cooperation in high seas fisheries.     

大型事件活动的特点和场馆的性质转变--昆明世博会和顺德花博会的案例

以实际资料分析＇99昆明世博会和顺德花博会的特点问题,并对大型事件活动（会展）场馆性质的转变问题进行了理论探讨。分析表明：＇99世博会和顺德花博会期间,各项指标均呈现明显的马鞍型变动曲线,其特征是前紧后松、中间平缓。应用消费社会学和社会行为地理学的理论,归纳了事件活动（会展）场馆作为消费空间性质转变的一个理论框架。基本结论是：大型事件活动（会展）场馆性质的转变只有融入其所在地方的旅游发展大潮,成为当地出色的景区,才能获得可持续的发展。     

新时代法治渔村建设的挑战与出路

渔村治理现代化作为实现乡村振兴战略的重要组成部分,因其自身固有的发展特征,亟须进行法治化改革。这既是对全面依法治国方略在渔村治理的落实,也同新时代乡村治理体系的基本逻辑相符合。因此,新时代法治渔村建设需要中国特色社会主义法治价值的指引,法治价值同时为推进新时代渔村治理法治化,为渔村的政治、经济、社会发展以及生态文明建设等提供了重要的思想基础。法治价值的适用同样对于促进渔村渔业的高质量发展和改善传统渔村经济落后的局面具有重要意义,有必要在中国特色社会主义法治价值的指引下,找到新时代渔村良法善治的有效路径。     

Ocean zoning,first possession and Coasean contracts

Governments are being asked to integrate uses of ocean resources and space by developing comprehensive zoning plans. The current, sectoral practice establishes individual areas, such as marine protected areas, that satisfy constituents’ first-possession strategies to claim de facto ownership, but the zones are not integrated. Also, the emphasis on exclusive-use zoning to minimize spillovers in both approaches is costly when the value of excluded production is greater than spillover damages. Alternatively, property rights could be allocated to claimants and exchanged in contracts that internalize spillovers, account for all sources of value, and result in an optimal pattern of mixed-use and exclusive-use zones.     

The exclusive economic zone and economic development in the Pacific island countries

The exclusive economic zone (EEZ) became accepted internationally in the 1970s. This transferred resource wealth to the coastal states establishing such zones. The history of the EEZ is reviewed, and its impact on the economic development of the Pacific island states considered. The growth performance and the tuna fishery development of these states are reviewed and possible causes of limited success discussed. The use of trust funds to increase the resource wealth of the Pacific island states is briefly considered.     

A fifty-year production and economic assessment of common property-based management of marine living common resources: A case study for the women divers communities in Jeju,South Korea

We examined the conditions of successful common property-based management for coastal marine living resources, using a case of historically and anthropologically well established women divers communities on Jeju Island, South Korea, focusing on their decentralized work rules and production records. Due to their tight social network and work rule, the women divers have harvested coastal marine living resources with limited fishing pressure exclusively from their village fishing grounds for over 400 years. However, their harvest patterns have been mostly reactive to market prices, eventually requiring direct governmental regulations such as total allowable catch in some cases. Most recently, the communities have been experiencing multiple challenges: their aging population, water pollution in the coastal zone, competition with cultured products and imported seafood, and expanding barren grounds. These challenges demand a multi-scale/dimensional response if the women divers communities are to keep their village fishing grounds and communities sustainable.     

Deep-sea mining of seafloor massive sulfides

The potential emergence of an ocean mining industry to exploit seafloor massive sulfides could present opportunities for oceanographic science to facilitate seafloor mineral development in ways that lessen environmental harms.