房产专题信息分类与编码分析

房产地理信息分类编码是房产地理信息管理与应用、房产地理信息系统建设中最基本的问题。如果房产地理信息分类编码体系不合理,将增加系统建库工作量,影响房产地理数据库的使用和信息共享,甚至将缩短房产地理数据库的生命周期,造成巨大的损失。因此,建立完善的房产地理信息编码体系,对房产地理信息系统的建设、房产地理信息管理与应用目标的实现至关重要。根据在南京“数字房产”共享网络平台项目需求分析和数据整合实践中对房产管理业务与管理模型的理解,并考虑到城市各部门和城市间信息共享的需求,笔者提出了一种房产行业地理信息分类编码方案,对房产行业地理信息标准的制定工作具有积极意义。     

Data‐driven modelling of shortwave radiation transfer to snow through boreal birch and conifer canopies

Hydrological and land surface models require simple but accurate methods to predict the solar radiation transmitted through vegetation to snow, backed up by direct comparisons to data. Twenty shortwave pyranometers were deployed in forest plots of varying canopy structures and densities in sparse birch forest near Abisko, Sweden, in spring 2011 and mixed conifer forest near Sodankylä, Finland, in spring 2012. Above‐canopy global and diffuse shortwave irradiances were also measured. These data were used to test a model that uses hemispherical photographs to explicitly estimate both diffuse radiation and direct beam transmission, as well as two models that apply bulk canopy parameters and versions of Beers Law. All three models predict canopy shortwave transmission similarly well for leafless birch forest, but for conifers, the bulk methods perform poorly. In addition, an existing model of multiple reflections between canopy and snow was found to be suitable for birch, but not conifers. A new bulk approach based on empirical relationships with hemisphere‐averaged sky view fraction showed improved performance for both sites; this suggests benefits of avoiding the use of plant area index calculated from optical methods, which can introduce errors. Furthermore, tests using common empirical diffuse radiation models were shown to underestimate shortwave transmission by up to 7% relative to using the data, suggesting that new diffuse models are required for high latitudes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

'Green' enclosure of ocean space--déjà vu?

The first wave of unilaterally declared environmental protection zones (starting with Canada's Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act of 1970) may have been halted by the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Yet, a second wave now seems to be gaining momentum: the French 'ecological protection zone in the Mediterranean' of April 2003 (promptly emulated by Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy), the British 'environment (protection and preservation) zone' around the Chagos Archipelago of September 2003, and the US 'marine national monument' around the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of June 2006, all claiming new environmental regulatory powers in sea areas way beyond territorial waters. This viewpoint article questions the unilateral legitimation of those claims, and postulates a trusteeship ethos and fiduciary accountability for ocean governance in these areas.     

Maximum magnitudes in aftershock sequences in Taiwan

In this work, Båth’s Law, the b-value in Gutenberg–Richter Law (G–R Law) in the form of the 1/β relationship, and both the a- and b-values in the G–R Law were introduced in order to estimate maximum aftershock magnitudes of earthquake sequences in the Taiwan region. The averaged difference of magnitude between the mainshock and the maximum aftershock is 1.20, and is consistent with Båth’s Law, however, with a large uncertainty. The large uncertainty implies that the difference may result from a variable controlled by other factors, such as the aftershocks number of an earthquake sequence and magnitude threshold for mainshock. With 1/β, since 86% of the earthquake sequences with a M ⩾ 6.0 mainshock follow this relationship, the upper bound of the maximum magnitude can be estimated for an earthquake sequence with a large mainshock. The a- and b-values in the G–R Law was also considered by evaluating maximum aftershock magnitudes. As there are low residuals between the model and the observations, the results suggest that the G–R Law is a good index for maximum aftershock magnitude determinations. In order to evaluate the temporal decays of maximum aftershock magnitudes, modified Omori’s Law was introduced. Using the approaches mentioned above, the maximum magnitudes and the temporal evolution of an earthquake sequence could be modeled. Among them, the model of the G–R Law has the best fit with observations for most of earthquake sequences. It shows its feasibility. The results of this work may benefit seismic hazards mitigation in the form of rapid re-evaluations for short-term seismic hazards immediately following devastating earthquakes.     

Institutional change,fishing rights and governance mechanisms: The dynamics of the Spanish 300 fleet on the Grand Sole fishing grounds

The “Spanish 300 Fleet” on the Grand Sole fishing grounds has been one of the most important fleets in Europe for decades. This paper analyses the process of institutional change that has determined the governance mechanisms and the property-rights system in the case of the Spanish 300 fleet. It studies the centralized top-to-bottom process of institutional change that has included some relevant legal norms such as the approval of the compatibility of the vessel scrapping grants while retaining ownership of the fishing rights, the transferability of rights and lastly the implementation of ITQs in 2007, among other changes. This evolution of the governance mechanisms has facilitated the modernization and size adjustment of this fleet, which has been oversized for the fishing opportunities provided by the TACs. The paper explains how this process of institutional change has implied a reduction of the “300 fleet” to a 100 fleet while shedding light on the relationships between institutional change, governance mechanisms and the property-rights system in this case of fisheries management.     

XXIII INTERNATIONAL GEOGRAPHICAL CONGRESS,U.S.S.R.

Edward Jarvis in 1850 first demonstrated that admission rates to mental hospitals decrease with increasing residential distance, a relationship known today as “Jarvis's Law.” His original data are presented, mapped, and examined by regression analysis to better understand spatial and temporal patterns of mid-19th century mental hospital utilization. Distance substantially affected admission rates to a radius of about 60 miles from the institution in Massachusetts; and there was strong distance decay in the other states examined. For all twelve states, there was a positive association between age of the hospitals and admission rates, which also decreased with increasing residential distance.     

九段沙湿地自然保护区执法模式初探

湿地执法管理是湿地保护的重要手段,探讨了九段沙湿地执法管理的3种模式:单一执法、联合执法、综合执法。根据九段沙湿地现状,认为综合执法是九段沙湿地保护和管理的最佳模式,它将为上海市的国际化生态城市的建设和经济的可持续发展起到积极作用。     

浅论促进地理信息产业健康发展的法治保障

推进测绘地理信息依法行政对于促进地理信息产业健康发展具有保驾护航的重要作用.本文概述了我国测绘地理信息市场的发展形势,分析了制约地理信息产业健康发展所面临的主要问题和挑战,提出了规范市场秩序、优化发展环境的重点任务和促进地理信息产业做大做强的保障服务措施.     

Catch share programs in developing countries: A survey of the literature

The literature on catch shares is dominated by analyses of programs in developed countries. To address this research gap, this paper identifies and discusses programs in developing countries. The paper also investigates differences between countries that have and have not implemented programs across a number of relevant dimensions, including governance and resource value, and characterizes the relationship between catch share type (e.g., quota-based or space-based systems) and the species characteristics. The paper identifies programs in about 20 percent of coastal and developing countries and finds that countries with catch shares have higher governance rankings, stronger economies, more valuable fishery export industries, and fewer people employed in fisheries. For example, the average governance effectiveness rank is 38.7 for all coastal and developing countries and 60.8 for countries with quota-based fishing rights. Species managed under quota-based systems are also found to have the potential for strong recruitment externalities. The results support ideas from the fisheries economics literature on the pre-conditions that are more likely to lead to the adoption of a catch share program.     

Eliminating illegal bottom trawl fishing in the coastal waters of Korea

Illegal bottom trawl fishing using nets with a small mesh size has been one of the most difficult problems to address in fisheries management in Korea. This practice has occurred for the last century, since the Japanese colonial period. The elimination of illegal bottom trawl fishing, regulated in the Fisheries Law (Law No. 10292), was extremely difficult because the number of vessel owners increased to greater than 3000, creating a strong oppositional lobby. Therefore, the Korean government carried out an ‘incentive program’ to buy-back vessels, which has been very effective in eliminating illegal bottom trawl fishing in the coastal waters of Korea.