CMIP6云反馈模式比较计划（CFMIP）概况与评述

世界气候研究计划(WCRP)于2003年支持开展云反馈模式比较计划（CFMIP)。目前已经开展到第三阶段（CFMIP-3)。相比前两阶段的试验,CFMIP-3试验设计更加丰富、具体,除增加CMIP6 DECK和Historical试验的观测模拟器（COSP）输出外,还围绕着回答7个云反馈相关的科学问题,设计了Tier-1（必做）和Tier-2（可选）两类试验。CFMIP将气候模拟、观测研究和过程模拟等几个研究方向更紧密地联系在一起,并为理解和模拟云及其辐射反馈的气候贡献提供更深刻的认识和分析手段。     

膨胀土裂隙面强度的直剪试验研究

膨胀土中原生裂隙面的存在往往导致膨胀土边坡的失稳。选取南水北调中线工程南阳段膨胀土进行裂隙面强度试验研究,研究成果表明,裂隙面中填充的灰白色粘土的含水量远高于两侧不含裂隙膨胀土的含水量,裂隙面的峰值强度不仅远远小于不含裂隙膨胀土的峰值强度,而且也小于不含裂隙膨胀土的残余强度。     

土工膜应变计的研制及其应用(II):应用

将研制的土工膜应变计应用于三峡工程二期上游围堰现场,以监测防渗土工膜在工程中产生的实际应变,并获得了满意的大应变监测成果。埋设于上游围堰不同高程的18支土工膜应变计,在较长时段内,不仅全部观测到防渗土工膜在施工阶段围堰填土碾压产生的应变规律,如0 500断面的10支土工膜应变计均测得11%～19%的大应变值,而且大部份应变计一直工作到极限量程才损坏。其中除了0 500断面因施工加载速率过快而导致防渗土工膜较早产生较大的变形,使得10支应变计在埋设后的施工填土3个多月内即陆续超量程损坏之外,其余的土工膜应变计工作寿命长达3年多。埋设于0 500子堰和0 930断面的土工膜应变计,在2000年和2001年夏季汛期中及汛期后,有些监测点的应变陡增到16%～20%之间,据此可以推测,此时该测点处的堰体产生了较大的变形。防渗土工膜的应变监测结果不仅与围堰构筑时的加载速率相关,并与围堰拆除时所发现的变形情况相吻合。     

三峡工程大江截流水文科技工作综述

长江三峡工程大江截流的水文泥沙实时信息与预报成果是大江截流优化设计、科学研究,安全度汛,施工组织和调度决策的重要依据。长江水利委员会水文局根据与中国长江三峡开发总公司鉴定的合同,在总结葛洲坝等工程截流经验的基础上,创造性地应用当今世界上可靠、先进的技术,创建了三峡大江截流水文泥沙监测系统和龙口水文预报模型,及时提供了各项水文信息预报成果,技术资料齐全,成果可靠,圆满地完成了合同所确定的各项任务,为     

Organic geochemistry of Deep Sea Drilling Project sediments from the Gulf of Calofornia—hydrothermal effects on unconsolidated diatom ooze

The effects of intrusive thermal stress have been studied on a number of Pleistocene sediment samples obtained from Leg 64 of the DSDP-IPOD program in the Gulf of California. Samples were selected from Sites 477, 478 and 481 where the organic matter was subjected to thermal stress from sill intrusions. For comparison purposes, samples from Sites 474 and 479 were selected as representative of unaltered material.The GC and GC-MS data show that lipids of the thermally unaltered samples were derived from microbial and terrestrial higher-plant detritus. Samples from sill proximities were found to contain thermally-derived distillates and those adjacent to sills contained essentially no lipids. Curie point pyrolysis combined with GC and GC-MS was used to show that kerogens from the unaltered samples reflected their predominantly autochthonous microbial origin. Pyrograms of the altered kerogens were much less complex than the unaltered samples, reflecting the thermal effects. The kerogens adjacent to the sills produce little or no pyrolysis products since these intrusions into unconsolidated, wet sediments resulted in in situ pyrolysis of the organic matter.Examination of the kerogens by ESR showed that spin density and line width pass through a maximum during the course of alteration but ESR g-values show no correlation with maturity. Stable carbon isotope (δ¹³C) values of kerogens decrease by 1–1.5‰ near the sills at Sites 477 and 481 and the atomic N/C decreases slightly with proximity to a smaller sill at Site 478. Differences in maturation behavior between Site 477 and 481 and Site 478 are attributed to dissimilarities in thermal stress and to chemical and isotopic heterogeneity of Guaymas Basin protokerogen.     

南水北调中线输水工程若干冰力学问题试验研究

通过在低温冰工程实验室进行的冰力学模型试验,研究了南水北调中线工程冰期输水中的若干冰力学问题,主要包括:冰的膨胀力、冰盖稳定性和浮冰对闸墩的撞击力.试验结果给出了冰的膨胀力变化典型时程曲线、不同厚度冰盖的膨胀力极值变化;不同厚度的冰盖随水位下降的最大塌落值;以及冰排对闸墩的撞击力的冰力时程曲线、冰力极值随冰速的变化曲线.这些试验成果可为南水北调中线工程冰期输水安全运行提供参考.     

Extracting ecological information from oblique angle terrestrial landscape photographs: Performance evaluation of the WSL Monoplotting Tool

While aerial photography and satellite imagery are the usual data sources used in remote sensing, land based oblique photographs can also be used to measure ecological change. By using such historical photographs, the time frame for change detection can be extended into the late 1800s and early 1900s, predating the era of aerial imagery by decades. Recent advancements in computing power have enabled the development of techniques for georeferencing oblique angle photographs. The WSL Monoplotting Tool is a new piece of software that opens the door to analyzing such photographs by allowing for extraction of spatially referenced vector data from oblique photographs. A very large repeat photography collection based on the world's largest systematic collection of historical mountain topographic survey images, the Mountain Legacy Project, contains >6000 high resolution oblique image pairs showing landscape changes in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta between ca. 1900 – today. We used a subset of photographs from this collection to assess the accuracy and utility of the WSL Monoplotting Tool for georeferencing oblique photographs and measuring landscape change. We determined that the tool georeferenced objects to within less than 15 m of their real world 3D spatial location, and the displacement of the geographic center of over 121 control points was less than 3 m from the real world spatial location. Most of the error in individual object placement was due to the angle of viewing incidence with the ground (i.e., low angle/highly oblique angles resulted in greater horizontal error). Simple rules of control point selection are proposed to reduce georeferencing errors. We further demonstrate a method by which raster data can be rapidly extracted from an image pair to measure changes in vegetation cover over time. This new process permits the rapid evaluation of a large number of images to facilitate landscape scale analysis of oblique imagery.     

川西北高原地貌垂直地带性及山地灾害对南水北调西线工程的影响

川西北高原地貌垂直地带性明显:现在流水地貌带海拔高度<3800m;冰缘地貌带为3800⁴200m;冰川地貌带>4200m;相应的主导地貌过程分别是流水侵蚀、冻融侵蚀和冰川侵蚀。川西北高原是大面积构造隆升背景下冻融侵蚀形成的夷平地貌,花岗岩和石灰岩等结晶岩抗寒冻风化能力强,三叠系砂板岩,抗寒冻风化能力差,前者可以形成冰川发育的高山,后者为融冻地貌等发育的丘状起伏的高原面。南水北调西线一期工程主要位于流水地貌带与冰缘地貌带的交界地带,滑坡、崩塌、融冻土流是工程沿线的主要斜坡灾害,规模多为中小型。工程沿线地区泥石流沟数量多、规模小,但流水地貌带内的部分沟谷可能有大型泥石流发生。融冻土流是该区河流泥沙的主要来源,侵蚀产沙对水库淤积的影响应引起重视。冰缘地貌和流水地貌的交错带部位,地貌过程对气候变化的响应相当敏感。     

The progressive intensification of northern hemisphere glaciation as seen from the North Pacific

Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) site 882 (50°22′N, 167°36′E) provides the first high-resolution GRAPE density, magnetic susceptibility, carbonate, opal and foraminifera (planktonic and benthic) stable isotopes records between 3.2 and 2.4 Ma in the Northwest Pacific. We observed a dramatic increase in ice rafting debris at site 882 at 2.75 Ma, which is coeval with that found in the Norwegian Sea, suggesting that the Eurasian Arctic and Northeast Asia were significantly glaciated from 2.75 Ma onwards. Prior to 2.75 Ma planktonic foraminifera δ¹⁸O records indicate a warming or freshening trend of 4°C or 2‰ over 80 ka. If this is interpreted as a warm pre-glacial Pliocene North Pacific, it may have provided the additional moisture required to initially build up the northern hemisphere continental ice sheet. The dramatic drop in sea surface temperatures (SST>7.5°C) at 2.75 Ma ended this suggested period of enhanced SST and thus the proposed moisture pump. Moreover, at 2.79 and 2.73 Ma opal mass accumulation rates (MAR) decrease in two steps by five fold and is accompanied by a more gradual long-term decrease in CaCO₃ MARs. Evidence from the Southern Ocean (ODP site 704) indicates that just prior to 2.6 Ma there is a massive increase in opal MARs, the opposite to what is found in the North Pacific. This indicates that the intensification of northern hemisphere glaciation was accompanied by a major reorganisation of global oceanic chemical budget, possibly caused by changes in deep ocean circulation. The initiation of northern hemisphere glaciation occurred in the late Miocene with a significant build up of ice on southern Greenland. However, the progressive intensification did not occur until 3.5–3 Ma when the Greenland ice sheet expanded to include northern Greenland. Following this stage we suggest that the Eurasian Arctic and Northeast Asia glaciated at 2.75 Ma, approximately 100 ka before the glaciation of Alaska (2.65 Ma) and 200 ka before the glaciation of the North East American continent (2.54 Ma).     

黄淮海流域及南水北调中线东线受水区工业节水分析

南水北调供水的重点是城市,而城市用水最大的是工业,受水区工业用水占城市总用水的65.6%.遵照朱镕基总理关于南水北调工程“先节水后调水”的指示,开展受水区工业节水的分析工作意义重大。重点对黄淮海流域以及南水北调中、东线工程受水区的工业用水、节水现状、节水潜力及节水投资与效益等进行了分析。得出了区域工业节水在全国处在相对较高水平,工业节水的重点在现有工业及乡镇工业,但节水不能完全解决工业用水增长需求等结论。