Inspirations from IODP Expedition 361

International Ocean Discovery Program, or present IODP that has been evolved from the early Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) is one of the international ocean drilling and exploration programs originated from USA. IODP 361 cruse supported by JOIDES Resolution is characterized of high maneuverability, high tectonic integrity, high comprehensive disciplinary, information aggregation, international researcher gathering, global study targeting, quantity study production, isolated close working environments and huge investment, which is one of the most important international cooperation platforms of the geosciences, especially global changes. It is also one of the super powerful engines not only guiding but also pushing the study on global change via exploring the records of ocean evolution, and also the fountainhead to understand the processes and mechanism of the global changes. As one the main members of the IODP, China is not only participating the activities and scientific researches of IODP, but also needs to improve the capabilities to monitor the ocean and establish our own facilities, laboratories and research centers. These are not only very important for the global research and the future development, but also crucial for the preservation of the ocean environment. Leaning and mastering mature operation models from the JOIDES Resolution, using the experience of IODP management for reference may benefit our research work and yield twice the result with half the effort.     

科学大洋钻探与天然气水合物

天然气水合物是由水和甲烷等气体水分子组成的冰状物,主要分布于海洋陆坡区和陆地永久冻土带,是21世纪理想的替代能源。科学家已对天然气水合物的物理化学性质、产出条件、分布规律、勘查技术、开采工艺、经济评价及开采可能造成的环境影响等进行了广泛而深入的研究。大洋钻探计划（ODP）是获得深部含天然气水合物和游离气沉积物的唯一途径,已成功实施了164和 204两个以天然气水合物为主要目标的航次,分析研究了含天然气水合物沉积物的原位物理化学特性和地球物理性质,探讨了气体-水-沉积物-水合物间的相互作用机理,为气体储量计算提供了依据,对推动水合物研究作出了重大贡献。综合大洋钻探计划（IODP）的启动,将为人们深刻理解地球历史和地球系统过程（ESP）,特别是认识天然气水合物在地质过程中的作用,提供前所未有的机会。     

美国实施全球变化研究计划的协作机制及其启示

通过对美国全球变化研究计划的组织结构、资金获取、数据共享等协作机制的介绍,认为一项大规模协作型研究计划的良好实施,需要依法进行立项、从国家层面组建独立的协调机构、有持续稳定的经费投入、对计划进行定期评估和修正,并真正实现科学数据共享。     

Evidence for textural and alteration changes in basaltic lava flows using variations in rock magnetic properties (ODP Leg 183)

The different effects of cooling and alteration on magnetic properties, in single thick flows from subaerial and submarine eruptions, cored and logged during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 183 at Sites 1137 and 1140 (Kerguelen Plateau) are examined. Downhole logging data from both sites is supplemented by petrology and geochemistry of 32 samples from three subaerial lava flows at Site 1137 and two flows units at Site 1140, covering transects from fresh to highly altered basalts.Changes in magnetic properties have previously been observed in several ODP drill holes, which penetrate basaltic basement. In subaerial basalts, a typical trend is that of high magnetic susceptibility and natural remanent magnetization (NRM) values in the altered flow top, and lower values in the less-altered massive flow interior. In contrast, submarine lava flows display the opposite behavior in their magnetic properties. Altered pillow rims have lower susceptibility and NRM values than the fresh pillow interiors. It is concluded that rate of cooling and degree of alteration are the main factors influencing the magnetization and, hence, the distribution of iron oxides. The effects of low-temperature alteration are most noticeable in the distribution of more mobile elements, such as K. Consequently, the spectral gamma ray (SGR) log, which in basaltic basement is largely controlled by K concentration, is an excellent proxy to the downhole identification of alteration. The strong positive correlation observed for the subaerial basalts between the downhole total magnetic field (F_tot) and SGR, suggest a potential link with alteration in the drilled sections. The alteration of the submarine basalts is not as pronounced and therefore no correlation is evident.     

Determining the cooling history of in situ lower oceanic crust—Atlantis Bank, SW Indian Ridge

The cooling history and therefore thermal structure of oceanic lithosphere in slow-spreading environments is, to date, poorly constrained. Application of thermochronometric techniques to rocks from the very slow spreading SW Indian Ridge provide for the first time a direct measure of the age and thermal history of in situ lower oceanic crust. Crystallization of felsic veins (∼850°C) drilled in Hole 735B is estimated at 11.93±0.14 Ma, based on U-Pb analyses of zircon by ion probe. This crystallization age is older than the ‘crustal age’ from remanence inferred from both sea surface and near-bottom magnetic anomaly data gathered over Hole 735B which indicate magnetization between major normal polarity chrons C5n.2n and C5An.1n (10.949-11.935 Ma). ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar analyses of biotite give plateau ages between 11 and 12 Ma (mean 11.42±0.21 Ma), implying cooling rates of >800°C/m.y. over the first 500,00 years to temperatures below ∼330-400°C. Fission-track ages on zircon (mean 9.35±1.2 Ma) and apatite reveal less rapid cooling to <110°C by ∼7 Ma, some 4-5 m.y. off axis.Comprehensive thermochronometric data from the structurally intact block of gabbro between ∼700 and 1100 m below sea floor suggest that crust traversed by ODP Hole 735B mimics conductive cooling over the temperature range ∼900-330°C, characteristic of a 2-D plate-cooling model for oceanic lithosphere. In contrast, lower temperature chronometers (fission track on zircon, titanite, and apatite; T≤280°C) are not consistent with these predictions and record anomalously high temperatures for crust >700 m below sea floor at 8-10 Ma (i.e. 2-4 m.y. off axis). We offer two hypotheses for this thermal anomaly:

(i)

Off-axis (or asymmetric) magmatism that caused anomalous reheating of the crust preserved in Hole 735B. This postulated magmatic event might be a consequence of the transtension, which affected the Atlantis II transform from ∼19.5 to 7.5 Ma.

(ii)

Late detachment faulting, which led to significant crustal denudation (2.5-3 km removed), further from the ridge axis than conventionally thought.

     

中国科学院固体地球科学知识创新十年回眸

中央批准中国科学院进行知识创新工程试点工作已经十年,十年来作为院资源环境科学四大分支之一的固体地球科学研究进展显著。回顾了十年来本领域创新研究单元的新建和调整工作、重点实验室和野外台站的工作进展、国家级的973项目工作的成绩、重大创新成果的产出和获奖。作者认为,中国科学院固体地球科学领域的研究将呈现更加光明的前景,力争在不久的将来跻身固体地球科学研究世界先进行列。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

Abstract

The advanced piston cover (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Reading the Past,Informing the Future: Progress and Prospective of the Recent Ocean Drilling Researches on Climate and Ocean Change

Aiming at the current climate status, i.e., drastic rise of atmospheric greenhouse gases and the apparent trend of global warming, the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP), launched in 2013, proposed four scientific challenges, including the response of global climate to CO₂ rise, the feedback of ice-sheet and sea-level to global warming, the dynamics of the mid- and low-latitude hydro-cycle, and the mechanism of the marine carbon-chemical buffering system. By August 2017, eight IODP expeditions of climate-related themes were implemented, focusing on the Neogene evolution of the monsoon system over Asia-Pacific-Indian and the West Pacific Warm Pool, with specific interests in the variabilities and mechanisms of the Asian Monsoon system on orbital-to millennial-scales, as well as the connections between Asian Monsoon and the uplift/weathering of the Tibetan Plateau on tectonic time scale. The planned IODP expeditions in the forthcoming two years will explore the Southern high-latitude climate histories of West Antarctic ice in the Cenozoic, and Southern Ocean currents and carbon cycle in the Cretaceous-Paleogene. In sum, during the current phase of IODP (2013-2023), our knowledge about the marine climate system would be greatly advanced via deciphering the past changes in tropical processes of Asian Monsoon and West Pacific Warm Pool, as well as in high-latitude factors of the West Antarctic ice. A better scientific background of natural variability would be provided, accordingly, for predicting the future tendency in climate change. In this context, China’s strategic directions include the global monsoon concept, the tropical forcing hypothesis, and in particular the climate effect of the Sunda Shelf.     

钻孔弯曲度计算程序

从方位与坐标系关系入手，通过使用计算器程序，使测斜点处坐标计算变得简明快捷。     

大洋钻探与全球变化(一)——南极地区显生宙晚期气候演变历史及对全球的影响

通过介绍Ｊ．Ｐ．Ｋｅｎｎｅｔｔ为代表的“洋流说”阐述了大洋钻探２５年来约１０个航次研究所揭示的南极地区显生宙晚期气候演变的历史。晚白垩世时南极地区和全球一样暖和无冰，末期变冷，古新世开始后不久又转暖，早始新世－中始新世早期达顶峰，以后变冷。渐新世为主要冷却期，南极东部形成冰盖，中，晚中新世为另一重要冷却期，南极西部以至全部南极在中新世晚期－上新世早期最终形成稳定冰盖。德雷克海峡打开，环南极洋流（Ａ