海洋细菌对DMSP的降解及其在极地低温海域的研究进展

DMSP(二甲基巯基丙酸内盐)是地球上最丰富的有机含硫化合物之一,同时也是海洋微生物的重要营养物。浮游植物是其主要的生产者。DMSP还是海洋中DMS(二甲基硫)的重要来源和前体,而DMS的排放与全球气候变化存在密切关联。细菌在DMSP的降解及DMS的生成方面扮演着重要角色。有关DMSP生物合成、代谢及其生态影响的研究已开展了近70年,但涉及高纬度极地低温海域的相关研究却为数甚少。本文在简要介绍DMSP生物合成与代谢,以及DMSP降解途径中的关键酶基因及其产生菌的基础上,结合笔者的工作实践,对近年来在极地低温海域的相关研究进行了介绍并展开了部分讨论。随着国内对微生物驱动水圈地球元素循环的重视,有关极地海域细菌参与DMSP/DMS代谢的研究工作将极大地增进人们对于微生物在极地海洋生态系统中生态地位的认识,也对评估极地海洋微生物群落对全球气候环境变化的响应与反馈具有重要的参考意义。     

我国近海中度嗜盐菌的分离筛选及其产酶多样性分析

为了解我国近海中度嗜盐菌系统发育多样性及产酶特性,从天津、山东、江苏、福建、海南等地近海采集样品为研究对象,分离筛选得到108株中度嗜盐菌,其中有26株至少产一种酶。通过对其形态特征、生理生化、16SrRNA基因序列及系统进化树进行分析,将26株菌鉴定为细菌域的Halomonas、Idiomarina、Virgibacillus、Pontibacillus、Oceanobacillus、Halobacillus和Marinilactibacillus属的菌株。它们与相应属的模式菌株16SrRNA基因序列相似性在97%~100%不等,其中有些菌株可能代表不同的分类单元。底物特异性试验表明,分离的26株中度嗜盐菌13株产蛋白酶,19株产淀粉酶,13株产酯酶,4株产纤维素酶。其中6株产3种酶,11株产2种酶。研究结果表明中度嗜盐菌具有系统发育和产酶多样性,同时蕴藏着较多新的微生物类群,为嗜盐微生物资源应用开发提供了参考。     

Interactions of bacteria with diatoms: influence on natural marine biofilms

Interactions between microfouling components influence the biofilm community and the cascading events, thus playing an important role in the biofouling process. Bacteria and diatoms are among the dominant forms reported in biofilms. Experiments were carried out with natural marine biofilms from a tropical monsoon‐influenced environment to evaluate the interactions between bacteria and diatoms through application of antibiotics (streptomycin and chloramphenicol). Overall, chloramphenicol inhibited diatom communities, whereas streptomycin did not. These antibiotic‐mediated changes in the fouling diatom community were consistent across the seasons. However, the rates at which the fouling communities changed depended on the initial species composition. It was also observed that elevated nutrient concentrations overrode the inhibitory effect of chloramphenicol. Maximum Vibrio enhancement was observed in the enriched conditions during the pre‐monsoon and unenriched conditions during the monsoon (with naturally elevated background nutrient concentrations), highlighting the relevance of nutrient concentrations for Vibrio spp. This has interesting implications for antibiotic‐mediated interactions between fouling diatom and bacterial communities under differing nutrient regimes. Although this study indicates the relevance of ‘cross‐talk’ at the microfouling level, understanding the effects of additional microbial products (e.g. bacteriocins and peptidoglycan) on these community‐level interactions will represent a step forward.     

极地抗植物病原真菌活性菌株PKS和NRPS基因的克隆与分析

植物常见病原真菌尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)为指示菌,采用平板扩散法对实验室保藏的38株极地细菌进行了抑菌活性验证,并对其中活性较强的菌株进行了分子鉴定与系统发育分析及次级代谢产物合成功能基因(PKS和NRPS)的克隆与分析。结果表明,38株极地细菌中,13株具有明显的抗病原真菌活性;分子鉴定与系统发育分析表明,11株活性菌株属于Pseudomonas,1株属于Psychrobacter,1株属于Arthrobacter;对活性菌株PKS和NRPS基因的克隆与分析表明,从10株活性菌株克隆到12条NRPS A结构域基因片段,其中5株活性菌株同时含有PKS I型KS结构域基因片段。据此为从聚酮和非核糖体肽等生物合成途径深入研究活性菌株的次级代谢产物提供了基因学证据。     

南太平洋环流区底层水可培养细菌多样性研究

为研究南太平洋环流区底层海水可培养细菌的多样性,通过IODP 329航次获得了该区域7个站点的底层海水样品,利用传统的分离培养法获得菌株后,进行16SrDNA测序及系统发生分析。结果表明,从南太平洋环流区7个站点的底层水中分离出174株深海细菌,这些菌株属于4个门,30个属,78个种。其中γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)有143株,在数量和种类方面均占主导地位;α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)7株,β-变形菌纲(β-Proteobacteria)2株,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)11株,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)6株,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)5株。优势属有假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)、交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas)、弧菌属(Vibrio)、盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)等10个属;优势种有居珊瑚假交替单胞杆菌(Pseudoalteromonas paragorgicola)、子午盐单胞菌(Halomonas meridiana)、坎氏弧菌(Vibrio campbellii)、西班牙交替单胞菌(Alteromonas hispanica)、河豚毒素假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis)、琼氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter junii)等12个。在7个站点中,位于环流边缘的U1371站点分离出的菌株数量明显多于其他站点,且是7个站点中唯一1个包含了分离出的所有6个门类的站点,多样性最高;而U1369和U1370站点都只分离出γ-变形菌纲1个门类。此外,9株细菌可能为海洋细菌新属或新种。     

Seasonal distribution of bioaerosols in the coastal region of Qingdao

Bioaerosols were collected by using a six-stage bioaerosols sampler from September 2007 to August 2008 in the coastal region of Qingdao, China. The terrestrial and marine microbes(including bacteria and fungi) were analyzed in order to understand the distribution features of bioaerosols. The results show that the average monthly concentrations of terrestrial bacteria, marine bacteria, terrestrial fungi and marine fungi are in the ranges of 80–615 CFU m-3, 91–468 CFU m-3, 76–647 CFU m-3 and 231–1959 CFU m-3, respectively. The concentrations of terrestrial bacteria, marine bacteria, terrestrial fungi, marine fungi and total microbes are the highest in each microbial category during fall, high in spring, and the lowest in the summer and winter. The bacterial particles are coarse in spring, autumn and winter. The sizes of fungal particle present the log-normal distribution in all the seasons.     

Early succession of micro‐periphyton communities in kelp bed and barren ground ecological systems

In shallow sublittoral rocky habitats of the Southeast Pacific, two conspicuous ecological systems exist; kelp beds dominated by large Laminariales algae, and barren grounds dominated by crustose coralline algae and sea urchins. The aim of this study was to examine the successional development of micro‐periphyton communities in both ecological systems using a colonization experiment conducted in Northern Chile. In both ecological systems, we installed replicated ceramic plates at 10 m depth and samples were taken after 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 14 days of exposure. Bacteria, diatoms, protozoans and small eukaryotes were identified, quantified and analysed. The succession of micro‐periphyton communities in both ecological systems followed a common pattern consisting of a net accumulation of functional groups and taxa over time; however, the total density of all groups was significantly higher in the kelp beds. In addition, the community structure of the developing micro‐periphytons was different and specific for each ecological system. Although previous studies have suggested that kelp beds and barren grounds are capable of switching from one state to the other without substantial changes in biodiversity, our results show that each of these ecological systems promotes its own successional development, suggesting that they are unique, self‐organized entities. This study is the first step towards an understanding of these ecological systems operating independently at this scale of organization.     

Phylogenetic analysis and biological characteristic tests of marine bacteria isolated from Southern Ocean (Indian sector) water

Fifty-seven bacteria were isolated from Southern Ocean(Indian sector) water samples which were collected from different latitude and longitude of the ocean. All the isolates were able to grow at 4°C, 20°C, 37°C and tolerable Na Cl concentration up to 13.5%(w/v). 29 out of 57 isolates were identified using 16 S rDNA amplification and the sequences were submitted to National Center for Biotechnology Information(NCBI). All the isolates were classified by using Ribosomal Database Project(RDP) and found that isolates belongs to Proteobacteria and Bacteriodes. The average G+C content was 56.4%. The isolates were screened for the presence of extracellular enzymes, viz. amylase, catalase, urease, esterase, lipase and protease. The disc diffusion method is used to screen antibiotic production by the isolates against four pathogenic bacteria, viz. Salmonella typhimurium(NCIM 2501),Staphylococcus aureus(NCIM 2122), Bacillus subtilis(NCIM 2193), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(NCIM 2036).Nine out of 29 were found to be antibiotic producer.     

Biodiversity and Screening of Moderately Halophilic Bacteria with Hydrolytic and Antimicrobial Activities from Yuncheng Salt Lake,China

正1 Introduction Yuncheng Salt Lake is an old lake with a history of more than 5000 years,which locates in the margins of the central plains of China,with an area of about 130 km.It was an important resource of salt for human consumption from early times.Major chemicals in Yuncheng Salt Lake contain Na Cl,Na2SO4 and Mg SO4(Gao et al.2007).In recent years,some halophilic bacteria and archaea were     

Microbiota of Salt Lakes as Food for the Brine Shrimp Artemia

正The brine shrimp Artemia is often abundantly found in hypersaline environments.The larvae(‘nauplii’)hatching from its dormant embryos(‘cysts’)are a crucial live food item for the larval stages of fish and shrimp in aquaculture