西峰与段家坡黄土剖面中有机质的特征及古环境信息

对甘肃西峰（X）黄土剖面L1－L6共163个样品进行总有机碳（TOC）和R ock-Eval热解分析，对比分析了西峰和陕西段家坡（D)剖面L5－S5－1层段及其中趋磁细菌的正烷烃与脂肪酸组成，结果显示西峰剖面的TOC与磁化率呈良好的对数关系，两个剖面L5－S5－1层段正烷烃和脂肪酸的分布表明，黄土地区当时古气候偏干冷，黄土高原由西北而东南，古气候呈变暖趋势，西峰剖面从S5－1形成到L5堆积，其古湿度可能有一个突变，即古气候由较湿润突然转变为极干燥，而段家坡地区当时的气候变化则可能较为缓和。     

Artemia parthenogenetica in Lake Hayward, Western Australia. II. Feeding biology in a shallow, seasonally stratified, hypersaline lake

Primary production in Lake Hayward, Western Australia, is dominated by benthic microbial communities, with limited planktonic primary production. This study investigated the question of howArtemia, commonly regarded as simple, obligate, non-selective filter feeders, were able to survive in this system. Bacteria (heterotrophic and autotrophic, filamentous and unicellular) were the major components in the diet of theArtemia in Lake Hayward. These bacteria were derived from bacterial aggregates in the water column and also from benthic mat material (both still attached to the substrate and from pieces floating in the water column). Benthic diatoms were a substantial dietary component of animals living in the unstratified shallow regions. Photosynthetic eukaryotic nanoplankton comprised a minor component of the diet of thisArtemia population. Gut contents of a large number of animals and the results of a simple laboratory test indicated that these animals utilise substrate-bound food resources. The results of the present study raises the question of the ecological significance of surface grazing by brine shrimps in other shallow, benthos dominated saline systems.     

Field observations on the variability of crude oil impact on indigenous hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria from sub-Antarctic intertidal sediments

Oil pollution of the oceans has been a problem ever since man began to use fossil fuels. Biodegradation by naturally occurring populations of micro-organisms is a major mechanism for the removal of petroleum from the environment. To examine the effects of crude oil pollution on intertidal bacteria, we repeated the same contamination experiments on nine different sub-Antarctic intertidal beaches using specifically built enclosures (PVC pipe, 15 cm in inner diameter and 30 cm in height). Despite the pristine environmental conditions, significant numbers of indigenous hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were observed in all the studied beaches. Introduction of oil into these previously oil-free environments resulted in several orders of magnitude of increase in hydrocarbon-degrading micro-organisms within a few days in some of the studied sites but has no obvious effects on two others. The physical environment of the bacterial assemblage seems to play a major role in the biodegradation capacities. After 3 months of contamination, both remaining oil concentrations and biodegradation indexes differ strongly between the different stations. Thus, chemical and biological parameters reveal a strong heterogeneity of biodegradation capacities between the different sites.     

Cadmium‐Induced Physiological Response in Lonicera japonica Thunb.

Phytoremediation of Cd‐contaminated soil using hyperaccumulators has become a new promising technique. Lonicera japonica Thunb. has been reported as a new Cd‐hyperaccumulator. In this study, the effect of Cd stress duration on growth, photosynthesis and mineral nutrition of L. japonica was investigated. At 30 days after Cd stress, there was not any visual leaf symptoms in L. japonica, and an obvious stimulating effect of 10 mg kg^?1 Cd on net photosynthesis rate (P_N) was well correlated to photosynthetic pigment contents and mineral nutrition (Mg and Fe) concentrations. With Cd stress time extended, no significant differences of shoots and total biomass and P_N compared with the control was observed, indicating that L. japonica could develop effective tolerance mechanisms to avoid Cd‐induced damage to photosynthesis and growth. The photosynthetic performance remained functional through stomatal and non‐stomatal adjustments, and mineral nutrition responses. The improved growth based on shoots and total biomass and P_N by 10 mg kg^?1 Cd, as suggested by hormesis, may be beneficial to enhance the potential for phytoremediation, because it typically faced the low Cd concentrations in actual Cd‐contaminated soils. The study results indicated that L. japonica could be used for phytoremediation contaminated soils by Cd.     

Spartina densiflora demonstrates high tolerance to phenanthrene in soil and reduces it concentration

The present study was conducted to investigate the tolerance of Spartina densiflora to phenanthrene, and to test its ability in phenanthrene dissipation. A glasshouse experiment was designed to investigate the effect of phenanthrene from 0 to 1000 mg kg⁻¹ on growth and photosynthetic apparatus of S. densiflora by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, gas exchange and photosynthetic pigments. We also performed chemical analysis of plant samples, and determined the concentration of phenanthrene remaining in soil. S. densiflora survived to concentrations as high as 1000 mg kg⁻¹ phenanthrene in soil; in fact, there was no significant difference in RGR among the treatments after 30 days. Otherwise, phenanthrene affected photosynthetic apparatus at 100 and 1000 mg kg⁻¹; thus, the lower Φ_PSII could be explained by the declined photosynthetic pigment concentrations. Soil extraction indicated a more marked rate of phenanthrene disappearance in the soil in the presence of S. densiflora.     

Consequences of linseed oil spills in salt marsh sediments

In a simulated spill in a salt marsh, linseed oil penetrated rapidly into the sediments at a rate of 10(-7) cm2 s(-1). The oil concentration remained unchanged for the first month after the spill, but 60% of the oil disappeared from the top 30 cm after a further month. The oil adsorbed to and accumulated in the muddy sediments (top 15 cm) leading to decreased sediment permeability, pH, Eh, abundance of plant roots and infauna and to the establishment of anoxic conditions. These changes accompanied transformations in the original fatty acid composition of the linseed oil, mainly associated with a decrease in 18 : 3omega3, an increase in the other fatty acids and the presence of 'new' fatty acids. A rapid increase in the abundance of heterotrophic aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and aerobic oil degrading bacteria, suggested that these micro-organisms degraded the oil. The role of the bacteria in oil degradation was confirmed in laboratory experiments where the fatty acids composition of the linseed oil underwent identical transformations to those obtained in the field. The degradation of linseed oil appears to be a sequential process initiated by aerobic and/or anaerobic bacteria and continued by sulphate reducing bacteria, which were unable to degrade the raw oil.     

抚仙湖不同污染来源沉积物微生物解磷能力分析

以云南抚仙湖为研究对象,分析了不同污染来源沉积物微生物量、碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)和微生物解磷能力的垂向分布特征和水平分布特征.结果表明,抚仙湖各采样点沉积物微生物生物量与APA垂向分布趋势相似,总体上随着深度增加逐渐降低,微生物作用主要表现在表层.在空间分布上,富营养化星云湖以泄水为主的南岸隔河口微生物生物量和APA最高,其次为以农业面源污染为主的北岸梁王河口和以磷矿开发为污染来源的北岸东大河口,再次为受人类活动影响较小、以自生有机污染为主的湖心和东岸老凹嘴,以自然水土流失为主的西岸尖山河口微生物生物量和APA最低.沉积物微生物生物量和APA体现了不同外源污染对抚仙湖各湖区的影响不同.抚仙湖沉积物微生物对有机磷和无机磷均有解磷能力,并且无机磷解磷能力大于有机磷.沉积物解无机磷细菌数量和APA决定了抚仙湖沉积物磷释放强度,造成了抚仙湖较高强度的内源磷污染负荷.     

Simulation of the impacts of diagenesis or low-grade metamorphism on neutrophilic microaerobic Fe(II)-oxidizing biofilm

The microaerobic iron-oxidizing bacteria in circumneutral environment produce extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)with unique morphologic features,such as stalks or sheaths,which can be regarded as geobiological signatures.The Archean and early Palaeoproterozoic oceans were anoxic with high soluble Fe(II)that were suggested to have been oxidized through the metabolism of Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria.The precursor of the ultrafine hematite in banded iron formation(BIF),e.g.,ferrihydrite,was suggested to be the mineral record of microbial Fe(II)-oxidation at that time.However,both the biological materials and primary iron minerals were prone to being altered by diagenetic or low-grade metamorphic processes.This makes it difficult to interpret the genesis of Precambrian BIFs.Here,we report experimental simulation on the effects of diagenesis or low-grade metamorphism on neutrophilic microaerobic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria and their biomass.Stalks,sheaths,and iron oxide spheroidal aggregates are partially preserved after the 100 MPa/300°C treatments,which indicates the mixed organic matters and iron oxides could survive the diagenetic or low-grade metamorphic processes.Some organic-mineral mixing structures carry information on microbial processes,though they appear similar to pseudomorphs of fossilized bacteria.