水体细菌碱性磷酸酶及其编码基因研究进展

水体溶解性反应磷是浮游植物可直接利用的主要磷营养形式,细菌碱性磷酸酶催化的有机磷矿化过程则是维持溶解性反应磷供给的重要途径.通过总结细菌碱性磷酸酶的种类与分布特征,发现主要包括Pho A、Pho X和Pho D 3种类型细菌碱性磷酸酶,其中超过50%的Pho X分布于细菌细胞的外部环境,对溶解性反应磷的循环再生尤为重要.综述水体产碱性磷酸酶细菌群落组成的研究进展,以及影响编码基因表达的环境因素,对比分析产碱性磷酸酶细菌群落鉴定方法的特点及发展趋势.细菌碱性磷酸酶编码基因的研究多关注寡营养海洋生态系统,对于同样存在磷限制问题的富营养化湖泊生态系统鲜有涉及,而构建针对典型富营养化湖泊生态系统的细菌宏基因组数据库,则可为建立淡水生态系统细菌碱性磷酸酶及其编码基因的研究方法奠定基础,有助于认识湖泊水华频发的微生物学驱动机制.     

云南省高原深水湖泊程海磷形态分布和变化

采用GPS定位,在程海设置了3个断面9个采样点,对各种形态磷进行了为期1 a的研究,分析了高原深水湖泊程海磷形态分布和变化.结果表明:程海中总磷含量范围为0.008～0.155 mg/L,年平均值为0.046 mg/L,含量水平已经较高.存在形态是颗粒态总磷占54.35%;溶解态有机磷占19.56%;溶解态无机磷占26.09%.各形态磷时间分布和变化与水生生物特别是浮游植物生命活动和周期变化密切相关;水平分布格局受浮游生物活动、湖流风动等综合影响;由水表层-亚底层垂直分布比较均匀,湖底层含量不同程度升高.     

Application of allochthonous organic carbon and phosphorus forms in the interpretation of past environmental conditions

Organic matter in sediments, for instance, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, can be used to reconstruct the paleoecological and pollution history of lakes and their catchment basins. In this paper, the contents of allochthonous organic carbon (allochthonous OC) and autochthonous organic carbon (autochthonous OC) in sediment cores taken from Wuliangsuhai Lake and Daihai Lake in northern China are quantified by using a binary model, and phosphorus forms in the sediment cores from the two lakes are extracted by sequential extraction techniques. The results indicate that the palaeoenvironment and paleoclimate of Daihai Lake and its catchment basin in the recent 250 years can be well reconstructed based on the content of allochthonous OC. The climate was relatively humid and warm in the period of 1865–2005, while relatively dry and cold in the period of 1765–1865. The sedimentary information of allochthonous OC in the 22–42-cm portion of the sediment cores in Daihai Lake corresponds to the final cold fluctuation of the Little Ice Age that occurred since the Middle Holocene. The difference of phosphorus forms in the sediment cores between the two lakes indicates that phosphorus input to the lakes and the correlation between phosphorus forms and distribution and the changes of environment are influenced by the eutrophication mechanisms and environmental conditions of the two lakes.     

Transformation of phosphorus species in settling seston and during early sediment diagenesis

Sequential P extraction was combined with electron microscop and X-ray spectroscopy to characterise various P species and to study their transformation in settling seston and in recent sediment. During early diagenesis most of the particulate P formed in the water was redissolved. No net transformation into species that would resist dissolution was observed.It was shown that

Nährstoff- und Sauerstoffbilanz eines hochbelasteten Klärwerksableiters unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der submersen Makrophyten

Nutrient and Oxygen Balance of a Highly Polluted Treated Sewage Channel with Special Regard to the Submerged Macrophytes The changes of the concentrations of inorganic nitrogen compounds, orthophosphate, and oxygen were measured in the flowing wave along the flowing stretch of the Berlin treated sewage channel Wuhle monthly over a period of two years (1993/94) to estimate the nutrient and oxygen balances. This treated sewage channel is rich in nutrients and densely covered with submerged macrophytes. During the period of investigation in 1993 (1994), the effluent of the sewage treatment plant Falkenberg, which is lacking in adjustable nitrification and denitrification. contained in average 16.1 (12.7) mg/L of NH-N, 13.7 (9.4) mg/L of NO₃^?-N. 0.94 (0.69) mg/L of NO-N. and 0.36 (0.26) mg/L of PO-P. Due to the neglectable influence of other processes like nutrient uptake by submerged macrophytes and algae, desorption of ammonia or dilution, the changes of the concentrations of the inorganic nitrogen compounds are mainly influenced by nitrification and denitrification. The nitrification is mainly done by sessile nitrifiers in the treated sewage channel Wuhle. The nitrification rates. calculated from the decrease of the ammonium concentrations, were between 0.5 and 20 g/(m²d) related to the flowing stretch area. The ammonium concentrations decreased along the flowing stretch in average by 20 to 44%. The highest nitrification rates could be found at the stretches with a dense colonization with submerged macrophytes and a good oxygen supply due to low water depth and high flowing velocities. The denitrification rates, calculated from the decrease of the total of the concentrations of the inorganic nitrogen compounds, were between 0.5 and 23 g/(m²d) related to the flowing stretch area. The total loss of nitrogen due to denitrification was between 10 and 20% along the flowing stretch of the treated sewage channel Wuhle. This corresponds to a total amount of up to 530 kg nitrogen per day. The main part of the phosphorus occured as orthophosphate in concentrations between 0.04 and 0.87 mg/L of PO-P in the effluent of the treatment sewage plant Falkenberg. The orthophosphate concentration changed along the flowing stretch mostly in such a manner that it were at the same level at the end of the flowing stretch at the mouth into the river Spree. The self-purification capacity of the channel does not lead to a relevant reduction of the very high nutrient load under the present conditions. The rates of the photosynthetic production (P) and the community respiration (R) were calculated from the rates of the total changes of oxygen with regard to the physical aeration. The rates of the photosynthetic production were between 0 and 33 g/(m²d), the rates of the community respiration between 15 and 75 g/(m²d). Therewith, the Wuhle treatment sewage channel belongs to the very productive waters. A positive balance (P > R) could only be measured on two segments in May. The rates of oxygen production depend on the ratio width to depth of the water. It is possible that the positive influence of the submerged macrophytes on the oxygen balance also at higher biomasses than 250 g/m² (as dry weight) predominates at the segments with a favourable ratio. The portion of the oxygen input through diffusion along the flowing stretch and at the weirs was 30%, respectively, that of the photosynthic production 40% in summer. The rates of community respiration decreased along the flowing stretch by 50 to 90%. The nitrification had the main portion of the oxygen depletion in the Wuhle treated sewage channel with 60…80%. Despite the high biomass, the respiration of the submerged macrophytes had only a small portion of the total oxygen depletion. Nevertheless, the submerged macrophytes contributed to the nearly total oxygen depletion at the most densely covered segment 2 at night. The decrease of the content of particular organic material and the ammonia concentrations at the effluent of the sewage treatment plant, a diminishing of the biomass of submerged macrophytes by shading, and the widening of a few flowing stretches are demanded for the improvement of the oxygen balance of the Wuhle treated sewage channel.     

生物炭作为海绵城市雨水滞留池填料的效果初探

生物炭吸附性强、抗氧化,在海绵城市建设中具有广阔的应用前景。通过模拟渗水实验,对土壤、生物炭和土壤生物炭混合物等对雨水吸持和净化效果进行研究。结果表明:以生物炭作为滞留池填料,具有较好的储水能力,储水量达0.45 mL/mL;能够缓冲酸性地表径流雨水的pH值,模拟雨水pH值从6.34提升至7.82;对雨水中总氮、总磷和铵氮的截留率分别为34.4%、48.0%和35.0%。因此,生物炭可作为海绵城市建设中雨水滞留池的新型填料。     

Utilizing in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to study sublethal stress in aquatic organisms

In vivo nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is a powerful technique for characterizing the sublethal actions of physical and chemical stressors in live, intact organisms. In particular, 31P NMR is ideal for observing perturbations to cellular energetics since critical metabolite concentrations, including phosphagens, ATP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), can be measured non-invasively and in real time. This technique's versatility is demonstrated not only in the diversity of organisms that can be studied, but also in its broad-ranging applicability to environmental research. Illustrative studies include the actions of copper in adult red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) and changes in energetically important metabolites in developing medaka embryos (Oryzias latipes). Advantages and disadvantages of in vivo NMR will be discussed.     

Atmospheric input of anthropogenic phosphorus to the northwest mediterranean under oligotrophic conditions

Phosphorus (P) concentration in the atmospheric aerosol was measured at a northwestern Mediterranean coastal site. Airborne P ranged between 25 and 85 ng m(-3) (geometric mean: 51 ng m(-3)). Due to a significant contribution (about 90%) of anthropogenic land-based source emissions, dry deposition velocities of 0.1-0.5 cm s(-1) were used to estimate a dry flux of 0.15-0.7 micromol P m(-2) day(-1). The theoretical impact of the dry flux on primary production (0.1-0.4 mg C m(-2) day(-1)) is 50-200-fold lower than that of a single significant wet event. The incineration plant of the Nice district is identified as a possible major source of airborne anthropogenic P. As the implementation of waste plants is currently expanding along the western European shores, the importance of the P atmospheric source to the western Mediterranean is likely to increase with time.     

A high sensitivity, low volume HPLC method to determine soluble reactive phosphate in freshwater and saltwater

A reverse phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to detect soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) in marine and freshwater samples. This technique is scalable over a range of sample volumes from 10 μl to 10 ml, requires minimal sample preparation, and responds linearly from 1 nM to 100 μM (R²>0.964). Standard Murphy–Riley molybdenum blue reagents were used to react with phosphate in samples for analysis. Solid phase extraction tubes were used to clean the mixed complexing reagent prior to combining the reagent with samples. The method was applied to freshwater samples collected in July 2001 along an Andean mountain stream located in the Eastern Cordillera (2400 m) of Peru and marine samples collected in January 2002 within the low marsh of the estuarine Nueces Delta System, Texas Coastal Bend. For method comparison, field samples were analyzed using a standard manual spectrophotometric method. Field sample phosphate concentrations produced from each method were nearly identical. This method offers the advantages of low sample volume (1 ml or less) with high sensitivity, precision, and potential automation.     

安徽龙河口水库沉积物碳、氮、磷地球化学记录及其环境意义

根据2004年在安徽龙河口水库采得的沉积物样芯以及上游三条主要河流的流域表层样品,对其有机碳、氮、磷含量以及其他气候代用指标进行了分析。研究发现晓天河流域样品有机碳、氮含量最高,柱样中各元素含量随深度增加缓慢变小,但在50cm深度有明显峰值出现。同时对沉积物中碳-氮和氮-磷耦合关系进行了讨论,推断其物质来源以河流携带陆源植物输入为主。其含量变化受物质来源、本身生物化学作用、人类活动等影响。