黄土的小形变本构特征及参数研究

常规三轴的CU剪切试验表明,非饱和马兰黄土的应力应变关系呈现出弱软化的特征。从工程应用角度出发,本文给出了一个含有两参数的指数型模型,对比分析表明该模型不仅能很好地描述轴向应变小于15%时的应力应变关系,而且具有模型参数少、容易确定和物理意义明确的优点。进一步研究表明该模型参数均随着非饱和黄土的含水量和围压而呈指数形式变化。     

基于误差检验的稳定流抽水试验可靠性研究

水文地质参数取值的不确定性是影响地下水稳定流理论发展和技术应用的最大障碍,基于误差可靠性分析的评价体系的建立,则不仅大大地提高了水文地质参数的准确性,而且还规范了抽水试验的技术方法,进而使地下水稳定流理论得以完善.     

3D surface‐wave estimation and separation using a closed‐loop approach

Surface waves in seismic data are often dominant in a land or shallow‐water environment. Separating them from primaries is of great importance either for removing them as noise for reservoir imaging and characterization or for extracting them as signal for near‐surface characterization. However, their complex properties make the surface‐wave separation significantly challenging in seismic processing. To address the challenges, we propose a method of three‐dimensional surface‐wave estimation and separation using an iterative closed‐loop approach. The closed loop contains a relatively simple forward model of surface waves and adaptive subtraction of the forward‐modelled surface waves from the observed surface waves, making it possible to evaluate the residual between them. In this approach, the surface‐wave model is parameterized by the frequency‐dependent slowness and source properties for each surface‐wave mode. The optimal parameters are estimated in such a way that the residual is minimized and, consequently, this approach solves the inverse problem. Through real data examples, we demonstrate that the proposed method successfully estimates the surface waves and separates them out from the seismic data. In addition, it is demonstrated that our method can also be applied to undersampled, irregularly sampled, and blended seismic data.     

Research Note: Sparsity‐Aware Multiple Microseismic Event Localization Blind to the Source Time‐Function

We consider the problem of simultaneously estimating three parameters of multiple microseimic events, i.e., the hypocenter, moment tensor, and origin time. This problem is of great interest because its solution could provide a better understanding of reservoir behavior and can help to optimize the hydraulic fracturing process. The existing approaches employing spatial source sparsity have advantages over traditional full‐wave inversion‐based schemes; however, their validity and accuracy depend on the knowledge of the source time‐function, which is lacking in practical applications. This becomes even more challenging when multiple microseimic sources appear simultaneously. To cope with this shortcoming, we propose to approach the problem from a frequency‐domain perspective and develop a novel sparsity‐aware framework that is blind to the source time‐function. Through our simulation results with synthetic data, we illustrate that our proposed approach can handle multiple microseismic sources and can estimate their hypocenters with an acceptable accuracy. The results also show that our approach can estimate the normalized amplitude of the moment tensors as a by‐product, which can provide worthwhile information about the nature of the sources.     

Comprehensive hydrologic calibration of SWAT and water balance analysis in mountainous watersheds in northwest China

Model calibration is important for streamflow simulations using distributed hydrological models, especially in highland and cold areas of northwest China with scarce data. Quantitative analysis of water balance based on the accurate simulation is also essential for reasonably planning and managing water resources in these river basins facing a severe water shortage. In this study, a comprehensive method was proposed to calibrate the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in the Yingluoxia watershed, upstream area of the Heihe River basin; it was based on multi-temporal, multi-variable and multi-site integrated drainage characteristics. Meanwhile a fresh approach of the parameter transferability and model validation was used by applying the set of calibrated parameters in its tributary to other area of the watershed. The results indicated that the method was effective and feasible; the values of Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and Coefficient of Determination (r²) were greater than 0.81 and as high as 0.94 and the absolute values of the Percent Bias (PBIAS) were less than 2. Based the output of model the water balance in the Yingluoxia watershed was analyzed, that the mean annual precipitation, evapotranspiration, and discharge of the watershed from 1990 to 2000 were 491.8 mm, 334 mm, and 157.8 mm, respectively. The comprehensive calibration method based on multi-temporal, multi-variable and multi-site integrated drainage characteristics can better portray the hydrological processes of watershed and improve the model simulation; and the output of the model then provide a reliable reference for assessing and managing water resource of the watershed.     

小波变换与地震信号特征分析

地震波的瞬时信号,如瞬时振幅、瞬时频率及瞬时相位等,是研究地球介质的重要参数。根据小波定义,对Morlet 小波进行了修正,并对修正后的小波形态进行了深入讨论。理论分析表明,小波变换效果受到整形参数、小波长度、中心频率、频带宽度及小波个数等参数的制约,特别是整形参数与小波中心频率及频带之间关系对小波变换起到决定性作用。在地震波信号的实际处理中,可选取恰当的整形参数,同时采用合适的小波中心频率以避免小波变换对信号产生的遗漏和冗余。文中给出了实际地震记录处理的示例。     

图像信息学(PI)算法计算参数优化分析——以山东及相邻地区为例

图像信息学(PI)算法已经成为了地震较活跃地区研究中长期地震危险趋势的重要算法,近年来已被应用于多个国家和地区的地震预测工作中.为进一步探索PI算法在地震活动相对较弱地区的预测效能以及其对地区性差异的依赖情况,本文以山东及邻区为研究区,通过遍历计算模型中网格大小、预测时间窗起点及长度三种参数下的预测结果,并以定量检验算法效能的"ROC值"为统计检验方法,在目标震级ML4.0、ML4.5、ML5.0情况下分别分析不同参数组合下的预测结果,得到了针对本研究区PI算法对几种参数的依赖关系.进一步选取优势参数分布中的参数组合,以回溯性和"向前"预测两种情况分别给出了在相应预测时间窗口内发生目标地震的"热点"分布,最后针对算法的技术及物理问题进行了讨论.本工作探索了不同计算参数对算法预测效能的影响以及PI算法在地震活动相对较弱地区的适用性,简要讨论了不同震级范围表现出来的自相似特征对算法的影响,可为将算法引入到山东地区的地震危险性研究工作提供参考.     

静电悬浮加速度计在轨质心位置的最小二乘估计

本文使用国内首次搭载飞行的静电悬浮加速度计在轨数据与卫星姿态数据,对加速度计与卫星质心的相对位置进行了估计测量.文中分析得到,在卫星姿态机动时,加速度计的输入加速度主要来自于离心加速度及角加速度引入的线加速度.结合卫星姿态机动时陀螺仪的测量数据,使用最小二乘法对加速度计质心位置的三个分量进行了联合估计.结果表明:质心位置的估计精度达到约6 mm水平,主要受限于卫星平台条件和加速度计测量精度限制.利用本文方法对未来重力卫星任务进行了分析,若使用精度为1×10~(-10)m·s~(-2)加速度计以及2角秒分辨率的星敏感器,可将质心位置估计精度提高至4.6×10~(-6)m水平.     

Experimental study on the performance of an azimuthal acoustic receiver sonde for a downhole tool

A new azimuthal acoustic receiver sonde with a body and corresponding circuits was designed for a downhole tool. The 64‐sensor receiver sonde holds eight receiver stations that can be combined into at least 64 three‐sensor receiver subarrays. As a result, the receiver sonde can use different sensor combinations instead of different transducer types to produce multiple modes, including a phased azimuthal reception mode and conventional monopole, dipole, and quadruple modes. Laboratory measurements were conducted to study the performance of the azimuthal acoustic receiver sonde for a downhole tool, and the experimental results indicate that the receiver sonde provides a consistent reception performance. Individual sensors receive similar time‐domain waveforms, and their corresponding frequency bands and sensitivities are consistent within the measurement errors of around 5%. The direction of the reception main lobe is approximately parallel to its exterior normal direction. In addition, a receiver subarray with three sensors receives waveforms that have higher energy and narrower beamwidths. For individual sensors, the angular width of the dominant reception lobe is 191.3^° on average, whereas that of the individual receiver subarrays is approximately 52.1^° on average. The amplitude of the first arrival received by the receiver subarray centred at the primary sensor directly pointing to the source is approximately 2.2 times the average amplitude of the first arrivals received by the other receiver subarrays in the same receiver station. Thus, the maximum amplitude of the waveforms received by the receiver subarrays can be used to determine the direction of the incident waves. This approach represents a promising method for determining the reflector azimuth for acoustic reflection logging and three‐dimensional acoustic logging.