Modelling ecosystem functions and properties at different time and spatial scales in shallow coastal lagoons: An application of the LOICZ biogeochemical model

The Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) biogeochemical model (LBM) was applied at different temporal and spatial scales in 17 Italian lagoons of the LaguNet network (http://www.dsa.unipr.it/lagunet). A series of alternative assumptions taking into account benthic vegetation and sedimentary fluxes were introduced and compared with the classical LBM approach at various time scales. The reliability of the LBM application to the seventeen Italian lagoons was tested by comparison to a pool of shallow coastal systems from the global LOICZ database with comparable depths and sizes. The nutrient loads of the Italian sites can be considered relatively low, particularly for dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP). Although the median values of estimated internal transformations (source-sink) of both dissolved inorganic phosphorous and nitrogen at the LaguNet sites were comparable with the selected LOICZ sites, the positive and negative extreme values were one order of magnitude lower. Overall, the LBM applications to the Italian sites gave good quality budgets for shallow systems subjected to relatively low nutrient inputs and with a wide range of primary producer communities, including seagrass, macroalgae and phytoplankton. Furthermore, stoichiometry of Carbon:Nitrogen:Phosphorous for the different primary producer groups allowed the integration of previous studies by identifying a series of relationships between nutrient loads and ecosystem functions.     

P2P网络中基于信任的用户行为分析与安全管理机制

传统P2P网络安全管理系统中,系统管理员不能及时阻止恶意用户的非法行为。本文引入信任机制对用户行为进行动态评估,并将用户的信誉度与用户权限进行动态绑定,提出了基于信任的P2P网络用户行为分析模型,设计实现基于信任的动态访问控制关键算法,及时阻止用户恶意行为。     

BitTorrent协议的主动测量

随着P2P日益被人们重视,对P2P流特征的研究也越来越多。传统的研究都是以在网络出口截获网络流的分析为主,但是这些分析方法都是被动方式的,不仅无法了解到P2P应用的内部特征,有时还无法对某些流特征给出解释。通过运行典型的P2P应用——1个加入到实际网络中的BitTorrent客户端,以主动的方式统计了客户端对消息的收发情况,并观察和收集到客户端内部状态的变化特征。根据这些统计数据,总结BT协议在实际应用时的特点,分析了协议所使用的策略的性能,另外还针对消息在被动测量时出现的特征作了分析。     

西昆仑北段木吉地区三叠纪岩体与稀有金属伟晶岩的关系探讨

近年发现的西昆仑-松潘-甘孜稀有金属伟晶岩成矿带延绵数千千米,向我国最西边延伸至西昆仑北段木吉地区,该地区稀有金属伟晶岩成矿与三叠纪高分异花岗岩密切相关。本文重点研究了该地区四个三叠纪岩体,包括石英闪长岩、二长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩和白云母花岗岩,对其开展了系统的年代学、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素工作,以探讨岩体成因及其与稀有金属伟晶岩成矿之间的关系。年代学研究表明它们的侵位时代在214~220Ma之间。其中白云母花岗岩具有明显不同于其它岩体的地球化学和同位素特征,富集Rb、K、U、Th、P、Nb、Ta,亏损Sr、Ba、Zr、Hf、Ti及重稀土,有明显的轻重稀土分馏和Eu负异常,为强分异花岗岩;具有更高的I_Sr（t）值（0.71734~0.72044）、更负的ε_Nd（t）值（-8.30~-7.78）和ε_Hf（t）值（-4.96~-0.85）。由于木吉地区白云母花岗岩尤其富集P等挥发分元素和Li、Be等碱金属元素这些重要特征,因此本文倾向于认为白云母花岗岩可能遭受了后期伟晶岩流体大规模出溶及迁出的强烈影响,即富挥发分伟晶岩流体的大量出溶、聚集和迁出改变了残留熔体的物理化学特征,如Ca-Na-K的选择性迁出打破了同位素体系平衡,致使白云母花岗岩同位素体系不能反映其源区特征。同时挥发分出溶、聚集和迁出在萃取熔体和围岩中Li、Be等碱金属元素的同时,也加速了含矿伟晶岩流体的开放迁移,从而沿断裂系统长距离迁移至围岩中卸载成矿。因此,挥发分聚集可能是稀有金属超常富集的主要控制因素之一,P异常可能是一有效的评判标准。

     

Diachronic metamorphic and structural evolution of the Connecticut Valley–Gaspé trough,Northern Appalachians

The Connecticut Valley–Gaspé (CVG) trough represents a major, orogen-scale Silurian–Devonian basin of the Northern Appalachians. From Gaspé Peninsula to southern New England, the CVG trough has experienced a contrasting metamorphic and structural evolution during the Acadian orogeny. Along its strike, the CVG trough is characterized by increasing strain and polyphase structures, and by variations in the intensity of regional metamorphism and contrasting abundance of c. 390–370 Ma granitic intrusions. In southern Quebec and northern Vermont, a series of NW–SE transects across the CVG trough have been studied in order to better understand these along-strike variations. Detailed structural analyses, combined with phase equilibria modelling, Raman spectrometry, and muscovite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating highlight a progressive and incremental deformation involving south–north variation in the timing of metamorphism. Deformation evolves from a D₁ crustal thickening event which originates in Vermont and progresses to southern Québec where it peaked at 0.6 GPa/380°C at c. 375 Ma. This was followed by a D₂ event associated with continuous burial in Vermont from 378 to 355 Ma, which produced peak metamorphic conditions of 0.85 GPa/380°C and exhumation in Quebec from 368 to 360 Ma. The D₃ compressional exhumation event also evolved from south to north from 345 to 335 Ma. D₁ to D₃ deformation events form part of a continuum with an along-strike propagation rate of ~50 km/Ma During D₁, the burial depth varied by more than 15 km between southern Quebec and Vermont, and this can be attributed to the occurrence of a major crustal indenter, the Bronson Hill Arc massif, in the New England segment of the Acadian collision zone.     

Coupling of P–T–t–D histories of eclogite and metagreywacke—Insights to late Ordovician–Silurian crustal folding events recorded in the Beishan Orogen (NW China)

The Beishan complex is composed of orthogneiss and metagreywacke that both enclose bodies of eclogite and serves as a unique example for comparative petrological study of all these lithologies. The rocks show the earliest regional steep N-S striking fabric (S2) preserved in low strain domains that are reworked by ubiquitous steep N-NE dipping cleavage (S3). The eclogite shows an almost isotropic fabric defined by an M1 assemblage of Grt–Cpx–Amp–Qz–Rt–Ilm that is locally retrogressed to M2-3 amphibolite facies mineral assemblages, with P–T peak at 20–21 kbar and 750–775°C and retrogression to 2–3kbar and 530–550°C. The typical mineral assemblage of the host metagreywackes is Bt–Ms–Pl–Qz−Chl–Ilm±Grt. Rare Al-rich metagreywacke layers are composed of Grt–Ky–St±Sil−And–Bt–Ms–Pl–Qz±Chl±Rt–Ilm giving a P–T path with peak at 8–8.5kbar and ~670°C correlated with the S2 fabric and retrogression to ~2.5kbar and 525–550°C correlated with the S3 foliation. In two eclogite samples, the garnet-whole rock-clinopyroxene Lu–Hf isochrons give ages of 461.9±1.6 Ma and 462.0±6.2 Ma interpreted as reflecting average age of garnet formation, and Sm–Nd isochrons give ages of 453.6±2.7 Ma and 452.8±3.0 Ma interpreted as dating near-peak metamorphism. In metagreywacke, in-situ U–Pb dating of monazite gives two groups of ages of 445–440 Ma (Mnz cores) and 436–429 Ma (Mnz rims), interpreted as reflecting the metamorphic peak and retrogression. Our results show that eclogite was formed during Ordovician by subduction of a continental crust (D1). Eclogite and metagreywacke underwent partly decoupled P–T–t–D paths until their juxtaposition at mid-crustal levels during a first late Ordovician–early Silurian D2 shortening. Coupling of their P–T–t–D paths occurred during exhumation in the Silurian and a second and orthogonal D3 shortening event. The data from the Beishan Orogen are consistent with a collisional intra-Gondwanan orogen located south of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.     

Modelling white mica pressure‐temperature‐time (P‐T‐t) paths using thermobarometric and 40Ar/39Ar thermochronologic data

White micas are major rock forming minerals in igneous and metamorphic rocks, and their chemical and isotopic variations can be used to determine pressure, temperature and time (P‐T‐t) histories. We apply ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar multi‐diffusion domain modelling to white micas from blueschists blocks in serpentinite matrix mélange from the exhumed Baja California subduction complex. Thermal history models yielded T‐t paths suggesting that ⁴⁰Ar* resides within multiple diffusion domains with varying ⁴⁰Ar* retentivity. Modelled white mica thermal histories and thermobarometric data were used to forward model continuous P‐T‐t paths. P‐T‐t paths are consistent with previous studies and are interpreted to constrain blueschist block exhumation paths within the Baja accretionary wedge. Our P‐T‐t models use temperature controlled ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar step heat data in which argon loss by volume diffusion can be demonstrated, and for which the white mica petrogenesis is known.     

Response of circular tunnel with imperfect interface bonding in layered ground subjected to obliquely incident plane P or SV wave

A semianalytical procedure is proposed for evaluating the internal forces of circular tunnel with imperfect interface bonding in layered ground subjected to an obliquely incident plane P or SV wave. In this study, the hoop bending moment and hoop axial force are related to the free‐field responses of the ground. A one‐dimensional numerical approach is firstly presented to obtain the free‐field responses of a layered half‐space with an obliquely incident plane P or SV wave propagation. Then, the free‐field stress state is transformed and decomposed in the polar coordinate system. The internal forces of tunnel caused by the isotropic stress state and the pure shear state are calculated and then summed up to obtain the overall analytical solutions. Finally, the validity of the proposed semianalytical procedure is demonstrated by numerical examples.     

Deep Impact: Optical spectroscopy and photometry obtained at MIRA

We present spectroscopic and photometric observations, spanning the optical UV to the far red, before, during, and after the NASA Deep Impact event of July 4, 2005. The inner 2000 km of the pre- and post-impact coma was about 0.3 magnitude redder in B-R than in the outer coma. The pre-impact spectrum was a faint reflected solar spectrum dominated by molecular emissions extending >40,000 km from the nucleus. The post-impact light curve in R and I showed a rapid rise consistent with an expanding optically thick cloud during the first 18 min after impact. During the next 8 min the cloud became optically thin. Sixty minutes after impact the impact R-band flux reached a plateau at , the comet brightening by a factor of ∼4.3 above its pre-impact value observed in a 15″ aperture. The mean expansion velocity of the grains during the first 49 min was . The spectrum became dominated by scattered sunlight during the first hour after impact. The volume scattering function (VSF) observed 32 min after impact shows strong reddening. At 49 min, however, the VSF shows an additional twofold increase in the blue but only a 20% increase at 5500 Å. Post-impact spectra and R-I photometry showed rapid reddening. The particle size distribution, dominated by 1-2.5 μm particles shortly after impact, changed dramatically during the first hour due to sublimation of water-ice particles of this size. On the night following impact the comet was still substantially brighter than before impact, but R-I had returned to its pre-impact value. B-R remained significantly redder. The ejecta 25 h after impact was fan-shaped subtending ∼180° roughly symmetrical about position angle 225°. The mean expansion velocity 90° from the direction to the Sun was .     

云南地区与频率有关的P波、S波衰减研究

分析了1999年7月-2003年12月发生在云南地区的由22个地震台站记录的5 668次地震的数字波形资料,从中选出保山、永胜、丽江、鹤庆、易门和禄劝6个地震台用扩展的尾波归一化方法计算P波、S波衰减.这6个台分为3个研究区,保山研究区内Qs-1=0.008 67f-0.86,Qp-1=0.011 55f-0.93;永胜、丽江、鹤庆研究区内Qs-1=0.018 24f-0.94,Qp-1=0.022 88f-0.92;禄劝、易门研究区内Qs-1=0.016 47f-0.91,Qp-1=0.028 26f-0.97.后两个研究区衰减结果比较接近,而保山研究区的P波、S波衰减明显偏低.与全球其它地区采用同样方法得到的P波、S波衰减结果对比表明:永胜、丽江、鹤庆研究区和禄劝、易门研究区的P波、S波衰减与日本关东地区很接近,而远高于韩国东南部的衰减;保山研究区的P波、S波衰减略高于韩国东南部.此外,还与前人得到的云南地区的尾波衰减结果进行了对比分析,发现本文S波衰减值与他们的结果相近.