Discussion of “Wave setup and setdown generated by obliquely incident waves” by T.-W. Hsu et al., Coastal Engineering, 53, 865–877, 2006

In the recent paper by Tai-Wen Hsu, John R.-C. Hsu, Wen-Kai Weng, Swun-Kwang Wang, and Shan-Hwei Ou (Coastal Engineering, 53, 865–877, 2006), the authors derived theoretical formulations for calculating the wave setup and setdown induced by obliquely incident waves on a beach. The derivation of an expression for setdown contains errors which would lead to an imbalance in longshore momentum flux outside the surfzone. We correct their derivation and give results in terms of the radiation stress concept in a general case including an oblique wave incidence. We also point out that the correct form of wave setdown is important to describe the zero-net force in the momentum balance outside the surfzone.     

安徽胡家碾地区井中地电异常现象探讨

以岩石电性特征差异为基础的电测井,在金属矿产、地下水资源勘探中,发挥着重要的作用。在视电阻率测井装置中,地井系统是较为常用装置形式。通过安徽省胡家碾地区地质背景和钻孔地层以及对井中电法测量资料的分析对比,探讨了井中地电异常产生的原因及与寻找地下水的关系,认为井中负视电阻率异常与井中正自然电位异常相对应时,通常是寻找地下水的有利地段。     

日本海域地壳结构基本特征及其地质意义

利用日本海域内完成的多条地震测深剖面及其它地球物理资料．综合分析该域地壳结构特点以及Benioff带特点．日本海域地壳结构具有陆壳、洋壳区别和两分、三分两类;Benioff带在不同方向上具有不同倾角,延伸深度差别较大;日本海开裂的动力源自太平洋板块西向俯冲所产生的多期挤压和引张应力场．     

基于模糊综合评判的Hoek-Brown强度准则修正及应用

阐述了岩质边坡岩体力学参数研究的意义,介绍了国内外常用的几种岩体力学参数的确定方法,但其准确性值得商榷和论证。针对Hoek-Brown强度准则D值的确定存在的困难,基于模糊综合评判,对产生扰动的影响因数综合考虑,确定了依托工程的D值,工程应用表明更加接近实际情况,并且探讨了岩质边坡的岩体以滑动面为界限划分扰动区与非扰动区的合理性,克服了其他公式的不足。以利比里亚邦矿铁矿岩体力学参数研究为例,分别用计算出的修正参数和其他几种方法进行计算分析对比,结果表明所计算出的修正D值更能反映实际的扰动程度,并论证了划分扰动区与非扰动区的合理性和意义,具有重要参考价值。     

鱼田堡煤矿水文地质特征及深部突水模式分析

通过对鱼田堡煤矿各生产水平、开采区域、开采煤层涌水观测资料,以及水质化验、连通试验等资料的分析与研究,查明了该矿深部煤层开采的突水水源及突水通道——浅部与采空区融为一体的“地下水库”及深部K3（4#煤层）开采时在煤层顶板以上发育的采动离层裂隙带,为防治矿井深部突水提供了较为切合实际的水文地质依据。     

Lagrangian measurements and modelling of fluid advection in the inner surf and swash zones

New laboratory and field data are presented on fluid advection into the swash zone. The data illustrate the region of the inner surf zone from which sediment can be directly advected into the swash zone during a single uprush, which is termed the advection length. Experiments were conducted by particle tracking in a Lagrangian reference frame, and were performed for monochromatic breaking waves, solitary bores, non-breaking solitary waves and field conditions. The advection length is normalised by the run-up length to give an advection ratio, A, and different advection ratios are identified on the basis of the experimental data. The data show that fluid enters the swash zone from a region of the inner surf zone that can extend a distance seaward of the bore collapse location that is approximately equal to half of the run-up length. This region is about eight times wider than the region predicted by the classical swash solution of Shen and Meyer [Shen, M.C., Meyer, R.E., 1963. Climb of a bore on a beach. Part 3. Runup. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 16, 113–125], as illustrated by Pritchard and Hogg [Pritchard, D., Hogg, A.J., 2005. On the transport of suspended sediment by a swash event on a plane beach. Coastal Engineering 52, 1–23]. Measured advection ratios for periodic waves show no significant trend with Iribarren number, consistent with self-similarity in typical swash flows. The data are compared to recent characteristic solutions of the non-linear shallow water wave (NLSW) equations and both finite difference and finite volume solutions of the NLSW equations.     

Small-scale ductile shear zones as transposed rheologically weak domains: A numerical modeling investigation and practical application

We test the hypothesis that small ductile shear zones are developed from initial rheologically weak domains. We regard weak domains as ellipsoidal inhomogeneities and apply Eshelby's formalism extended for power-law viscous materials to investigate the kinematics and finite strain evolution of the partitioned flow fields in weak domains. We show that, under an imposed bulk flow field, weak domains, regardless of their initial shapes and orientations, deform into zone-like features at relatively small bulk strains and the deformation paths inside weak domains have all characteristics expected in ductile shear zones. We apply our model to the Cap de Creus area Spain, where abundant small ductile shear zones exist. To relate the fabrics inside these shear zones with the regional deformation, we take a multi-scale approach. We assume that the area contained many weak domains which were randomly shaped and oriented initially and were deformed into shear zones eventually in response to the regional flow. We constrain the regional flow field by the fabric patterns across the area and compute numerically the partitioned flow fields in individual weak domains. The latter are related to fabrics inside shear zones. Our model reproduces first-order features of field-observed fabrics. Although the deformation path of each shear zone was close to simple shearing, the deformation of the whole belt was not. Our approach also resolves the strain compatibility problem for a finite-sized shear zone embedded in a far less deformed country rock.     

Modelling regional effects of artificial groundwater recharge in a multilayer aquifer characterized by perched water tables

This paper presents an approach to estimate the effects of a managed recharge experiment in a multilayer aquifer characterized by the presence of perched water tables in the Medina del Campo groundwater body, Douro basin, central Spain. A numerical model was developed to evaluate the effect of artificial recharge on the shallow sector of a regional-scale aquifer and on formerly active wetlands. The model was developed in the Visual MODFLOW Pro v.2011.1 environment in order to represent and analyse the regional impact of this artificial recharge event. Results suggest that the assumption of a single perched system may prove useful in regional contexts where data is limited. From a study site perspective, managed recharge is observed to increase shallow storage along the riverbanks, which is considered valuable for environmental purposes. However, downstream wetlands are unlikely to experience a significant recovery. Furthermore, only a small percentage of artificial recharge is expected to reach the deep regional aquifer. This method can be exported to settings characterized by the presence of perched aquifers and associated groundwater dependent ecosystems.     

Momentum transport of wave zero during March: A possible predictor for the Indian summer monsoon

Analysis of monthly momentum transport of zonal waves at 850 hPa for the period 1979 to 1993, between ‡S and ‡N for January to April, using zonal (u) and meridional (v) components of wind taken from the ECMWF reanalysis field, shows a positive correlation (.1% level of significance) between the Indian summer monsoon rainfall (June through September) and the momentum transport of wave zero TM(0) over latitudinal belt between 25‡S and 5‡N (LB) during March. Northward (Southward) TM(0) observed in March over LB subsequently leads to a good (drought) monsoon season over India which is found to be true even when the year is marked with the El-Nino event. Similarly a strong westerly zone in the Indian Ocean during March, indicates a good monsoon season for the country, even if the year is marked with El-Nino. The study thus suggests two predictors, TM(0) over LB and the strength of westerly zone in the Indian Ocean during March.     

重力方法研究河南区域构造及控煤作用

河南地区存在三个明显的重力异常区,与其区内三个次一级的构造分区相一致,其重力异常曲线的挤压扭曲特征、剪切平移特征、张性舒展特征分别对应构造挤压变形机制、平移剪切机制及变形拉张机制。这些变形受印支、燕山及喜马拉雅期三大构造运动控制,其中印支期剥蚀及沉降程度是构成现今煤层埋藏条件的重要因素,燕山期形成河南煤田的逆冲推覆型控煤构造,喜马拉雅期构造运动,最终确立了河南煤系的展布范围及赋存状态,这表明控煤模式是构造运动的结果。