Seismic structure of the Helan–Liupan–Ordos western margin tectonic belt in North-Central China and its geodynamic implications

We study high-resolution three-dimensional P-wave velocity (Vp) tomography and anisotropic structure of the crust and uppermost mantle under the Helan–Liupan–Ordos western margin tectonic belt in North-Central China using 13,506 high-quality P-wave arrival times from 2666 local earthquakes recorded by 87 seismic stations during 1980–2008. Our results show that prominent low-velocity (low-V) anomalies exist widely in the lower crust beneath the study region and the low-V zones extend to the uppermost mantle in some local areas, suggesting that the lower crust contains higher-temperature materials and fluids. The major fault zones, especially the large boundary faults of major tectonic units, are located at the edge portion of the low-V anomalies or transition zones between the low-V and high-V anomalies in the upper crust, whereas low-V anomalies are revealed in the lower crust under most of the faults. Most of large historical earthquakes are located in the boundary zones where P-wave velocity changes drastically in a short distance. Beneath the source zones of most of the large historical earthquakes, prominent low-V anomalies are visible in the lower crust. Significant P-wave azimuthal anisotropy is revealed in the study region, and the pattern of anisotropy in the upper crust is consistent with the surface geologic features. In the lower crust and uppermost mantle, the predominant fast velocity direction (FVD) is NNE–SSW under the Yinchuan Graben and NWW–SEE or NW–SE beneath the Corridor transitional zone, Qilian Orogenic Belt and Western Qinling Orogenic Belt, and the FVD is NE–SW under the eastern Qilian Orogenic Belt. The anisotropy in the lower crust may be caused by the lattice-preferred orientation of minerals, which may reflect the lower-crustal ductile flow with varied directions. The present results shed new light on the seismotectonics and geodynamic processes of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and its northeastern margin.     

Intraplate geodynamics and magmatism in the evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) was produced as a consequence of the successive closure of the Paleoasian Ocean and the accretion of structures formed within it (island arcs, oceanic islands, and backarc basins) to the Siberian continent. The belt started developing in the latest Late Neoproterozoic, and this process terminated in the latest Permian in response to the collision of the Siberian and North China continents that resulted in closure of the Paleoasian ocean (Metcalfe, 2006; Li et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2009; Xiao et al., 2010; Didenko et al., 2010). Throughout the whole evolutionary history of this Orogenic Belt, a leading role in its evolution was played by convergent processes. Along with these processes, an important contribution to the evolution of the composition and structure of the crust in the belt was made by deep geodynamic processes related to the activity of mantle plumes.Indicator complexes of the activity of mantle plumes are identified, and their major distribution patterns in CAOB structures are determined. A number of epochs and areas of intraplate magmatism are distinguished, including the Neoproterozoic one (Rodinia breakup and the origin of alkaline rock belt in the marginal part of the Siberian craton); Neoproterozoic–Early Cambrian (origin of oceanic islands in the Paleoasian Ocean); Late Cambrian–Early Ordovician (origin of LIP within the region of Early Caledonian structures in CAOB); Middle Paleozoic (origin of LIP in the Altai–Sayan rift system); Late Paleozoic–Early Mesozoic (origin of the Tarim flood-basalt province, Central Asian rift system, and a number of related zonal magmatic areas); Late Mesozoic–Cenozoic (origin of continental volcanic areas in Central Asia).Geochemical and isotopic characteristics are determined for magmatic complexes that are indicator complexes for areas of intraplate magmatism of various age, and their major evolutionary trends are discussed. Available data indicate that mantle plumes practically did not cease to affect crustal growth and transformations in CAOB in relation to the migration of the Siberian continent throughout the whole time span when the belt was formed above a cluster of hotspots, which is compared with the African superplume.     

Silicate melt inclusions in the Qiushuwan granitoids,northern Qinling belt,China: Implications for the formation of a porphyry Cu–Mo deposit as a reduced magmatic system

Melt inclusions (MIs) in quartz from granitoids in the northern Qinling belt were studied using microthermometry and laser Raman spectroscopy. The total homogenization of melt inclusions occurs in a mean range between 1050 and 1100 °C. Laser Raman experiments reveal H₂O, C₂H₆, C₄H₆ and CH₄ as the dominant volatile compounds. Our results provide insights into the temperatures of magma crystallization and the dominantly reducing environment during the early magmatic stage. Based on ore mineralogy, and on the volatile species content in the MIs, we evidence firstly that the Qiushuwan porphyry Cu–Mo deposit in the Qinling–Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt was derived from a reduced magmatic system, emplaced at relatively deep domains more than 10 km deep, and secondly, that the magmas that are responsible for the generation of Qiushuwan were either derived from an inherently reduced source, or reduced during ascent and emplacement. The mechanism might have involved the assimilation of sedimentary material with minimal crustal interaction. The parental magmas likely underwent reduction essentially by loss of all of their SO₂ by degassing, as evidenced by the low S content in melt inclusions. These reduced materials provided adequate sulfur source for the formation of the porphyry Cu–Mo deposits with obvious zonation, which plays a key role in the mineralization; finally, we conclude that the reduced environment and the relatively deep domain of magma emplacement probably limited the extent of mineralization, generating only a relatively small Cu–Mo deposit in Qiushuwan, located within the northern Qinling accretionary belt.     

内蒙古莫力达瓦旗哈达阳绿泥石白云母构造片岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

嫩江—黑河构造带地处松嫩地块与兴安地块的结合部位,一直以来是业内学者关注的焦点。在构造带内内蒙古莫力达瓦旗哈达阳一带野外实地调研过程中,发现一套变质变形程度与周围地质体差异很大的地层。岩石组合为绿泥石白云母构造片岩、二云母微晶片岩、黝帘白云糜棱片岩等。采用LA-ICP-MS技术获得的绿泥石白云母构造片岩中锆石U-Pb年龄为413.9Ma±2.7Ma。通过分析区域地质演化历史及不同时代地质体特征,认为沿红山梁—哈达阳—依克特一带存在一条构造混杂堆积岩带,这套强变形岩石应为构造混杂岩带的一部分,其原岩形成时代为早泥盆世,后期构造定位应与嫩江—黑河构造带最后于早石炭世末拼合作用有关。     

Tourmaline from the Archean G.R.Halli gold deposit,Chitradurga greenstone belt,Dharwar craton （India）： Implications for the gold metallogeny

Tourmaline occurs as a minor but important mineral in the alteration zc,ne of the Archean orogenic gold deposit of Guddadarangavanahalli （G.R.Halli） in the Chitradurga greenst~ne belt of the western Dharwar craton, southern India. It occurs in the distal alteration halo of the G.R.Halli golcl deposit as （a） clusters of very fine grained aggregates which form a minor constituent in the natrix of the altered metabasalt （AMB tourmaline） and （b） in quartz-carbonate veins （vein tourmaline）. ~[＇he vein tourmaline, based upon the association of specific carbonate minerals, is further grouped as （i） albite-tourmaline-ankerite-quartz veins （vein-1 tourmaline） and （ii） albite-tourmaline-calcite-quartz veins （vein-2 tourmaline）. Both the AMB tourmaline and the vein tourmalines （vein-I and vein-2） belong to the alkali group and are clas- sified under schorl-dravite series. Tourmalines occurring in the veins are zoned while the AMB tour- malines are unzoned. Mineral chemistry and discrimination diagrams 1eveal that cores and rims of the vein tourmalines are distinctly different. Core composition of the ve：n tourmalines is similar to the composition of the AMB tourmaline. The formation of the AMB tourmaline and cores of the vein tour- malines are proposed to be related to the regional D1 deformational event associated with the emplacement of the adjoining ca. 2.61 Ga Chitradurga granite whilst rims of the vein tourmalines vis-a- vis gold mineralization is spatially linked to the juvenile magmatic accretion （2.56-2.50 Ga） east of the studied area in the western part of the eastern Dharwar craton.     

北祁连下古城花岗岩体LA ICP MS锆石U Pb年代学及岩石化学特征

下古城花岗岩体分布于北祁连造山带南缘,岩性主要为石英闪长岩—花岗闪长岩,SiO2质量分数在58.78%~69.53%之间,Al2O3含量为14.30%~15.30%之间,A/CNK为0.86~1.08,属准铝质—弱过铝质,钙碱性—高钾钙碱性系列的I型花岗岩。整体上,具有低SiO2,高CaO、FeOT和MgO的岩石地球化学特征。稀土总量(ΣREE)为87.22×10-6~150.54×10-6,ΣLREE/ΣHREE为6.24~11.11,表明轻重稀土弱分异。富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U、Pb、La等,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti等,说明下古城花岗岩主要由壳源物质部分熔融形成。锆石原位Lu-Hf同位素分析结果表明,石英闪长岩的εHf(t)=-5.7~-0.7,二阶段模式年龄(tDM2)为1.51~1.83Ga,暗示源岩可能主要为中元古代增生的地壳物质。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学结果表明,下古城石英闪长岩的侵位年龄为505.4±4.1Ma(MSWD=0.78,n=21),与北祁连造山带南缘的柯柯里花岗岩(512Ma~501Ma)、野马咀花岗岩(~508Ma)形成的地球动力学背景相似,均属于北祁连洋向南俯冲活动大陆边缘的岛弧环境。     

Geochemistry,and zircon U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os geochronology of Jilongshan Cu–Au deposit,southeastern Hubei Province,China

The Jilongshan skarn Cu–Au deposit is located at the Jiurui ore cluster region in the southwestern part of the Middle–Lower Yangtze River valley metallogenic belt. The region is characterized by NW‐, NNW‐ and EW‐trending faults and the mineralization occurs at the contact of lower Triassic carbonate rocks and Jurassic granodiorite porphyry intrusions. The intrusives are characterized by SiO₂, K₂O, and Na₂O concentrations ranging from 61.66 to 67.8 wt.%, 3.29 to 5.65 wt.%, and 2.83 to 3.9 wt.%, respectively. Their A/CNK (A/CNK = n(Al₂O₃)/[n(CaO) + n(Na₂O) + n(K₂O)]) ratio, δEu, and δCe vary from 0.77 to 1.17, 0.86 to 1, and 0.88 to 0.96, respectively. The rocks show enrichment in light rare earth elements ((La/Yb)_N = 7.61–12.94) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE), and depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE), such as Zr, Ti. They also display a peraluminous, high‐K calc‐alkaline signature typical of intrusives associated with skarn and porphyry Cu–Au–Mo polymetallic deposits. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) zircon U–Pb age indicates that the granodiorite porphyry formed at 151.75 ± 0.70 Ma. A few inherited zircons with older ages (677 ± 10 Ma, 848 ± 11 Ma, 2645 ± 38 Ma, and 3411 ± 36 Ma) suggest the existence of an Archaean basement beneath the Middle–Lower Yangtze River region. The temperature of crystallization of the porphyry estimated from zircon thermometer ranges from 744.3 °C to 751.5 °C, and 634.04 °C to 823.8 °C. Molybdenite Re–Os dating shows that the Jilongshan deposit formed at 150.79 ± 0.82 Ma. The metallogeny and magmatism are correlated to mantle–crust interaction, associated with the subduction of the Pacific Plate from the east. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南非主要金矿集区研究现状及存在问题

南非是世界上金矿石资源量最为丰富的国家,其金矿床主要产于东北部地区,主要有三种类型:1赋存于兰德盆地砾岩型建造中的"兰德"砾岩型金矿床,2产在绿岩带中的绿岩带型金矿床,和3主要与白云岩有关的白云岩型金矿床,以前两种类型为主。"兰德"砾岩型金矿床通常品位高,开采规模最大,目前采矿的深度最大,是南非最重要的矿床类型,其矿床成因长期以来存有争议,主要有两种观点,分别是砂矿模式和热液模式,就目前资料来看笔者等认为其代表了两个不同的矿化阶段;绿岩带型金矿床则以巴伯顿地区为代表,矿床具有规模大、易开采等特征,因此在南非金矿床开采中占有重要位置,其矿床主要赋存于石英脉或剪切带中,矿床成因主要有三种,分别是火山成矿模式、转换滑脱构造模式和构造交叉模式。     

黑龙江争光金矿床隐爆角砾岩特征及其地质意义

黑龙江争光金矿床位于大兴安岭东北缘的多宝山矿集区,矿体主要呈脉状产于燕山期闪长岩体与中奥陶统多宝山组的内外接触带上,受断裂构造控制明显。在野外地质调查过程中,发现了3个隐爆角砾岩体（J-1、J-2、J-3）,角砾岩体从中心向外侧有较显著的岩石类型分带,中心为热液隐爆角砾岩,向外角砾增大,逐渐过渡为震碎角砾岩。根据胶结物的不同和穿插关系可将其分为四期,最早期为硅质胶结,中期为绿泥石胶结,其次为矿质胶结,最后为灰黑色安山质胶结,其中第二期和第三期隐爆作用与矿化关系密切。通过对隐爆角砾岩地质特征的研究,结果表明在Ⅱ号矿带绿泥石胶结隐爆角砾岩体深部具有寻找与矿质胶结隐爆角砾岩有关金铜矿化体的潜力,这对争光金矿床深部及外围找矿具有一定的指导意义。     

赞比亚西北省铜-钴矿地质及找矿潜力

[摘 要]赞比亚位于著名的中非新元古代沉积型铜（-钴）矿带上,铜带省和西北省是该国最主要的铜-钴矿集中分布区;相对于找矿程度已经很高的铜带省,西北省成矿地质条件优越,且地质工作程度较低,因此拥有巨大的找矿潜力,已成为该国找矿突破的重点区域。目前西北省主要著名的矿山/矿床有3个：坎桑希、卢穆瓦纳、卡伦比拉。这些铜-钴-金-铀-镍矿床的含矿地层、矿化特征与铜带省传统经典的沉积型铜-钴矿既有相似性,又明显具有差别。本文通过对西北省区域地质和已发现矿床地质特征的介绍,对该省的找矿潜力进行初步分析。