河南大湖金钼矿床成矿物质来源的锶钕铅同位素约束

河南灵宝大湖金钼矿床位于小秦岭金矿田北缘,属典型的断控脉状矿床.前人较好研究了矿床流体包裹体和成矿年代,但对成矿物质来源研究薄弱.本文对16件矿石硫化物及5件赋矿围岩样品进行了Sr-Nd-Pb同位素分析,金属硫化物I_(Sr)=0.70470～0.71312,平均0.70854;(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)_i=0.51143-0.51215,平均0.51162;(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i=17.033～17.285,(~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i=15.358～15.438,(~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i=37.307-37.582,平均值分别是17.162,15.405,37.440.5件太华超群样品I_(Sr)=0.70947～0.73201,平均0.72294;(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)_i=0.51076～0.51133,平均0.51107;(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i=17.127～18.392,(~(207P)b/~(204)Pb)_i=15.416～15.604,(~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i=37.498～37.814,平均值分别是17.547,15.470,37.616.Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征表明成矿物质来源具壳幔混合特征,初始成矿流体可能来源于亏损的残余洋壳,并通过成矿过程的水岩相互作用与太华超群混合;据此认为,在218Ma年左右,秦岭地区的陆陆碰撞造山作用并没有结束,而仍在进行之中.     

相山铀矿田成矿流体特征:来自微量、稀土元素地球化学证据

相山铀矿田的成矿流体性质和来源存在争议,为进一步探讨相山铀矿田成矿流体的性质和来源,本文对相山铀矿田西部的居隆庵铀矿床和北部的沙洲铀矿床中的新鲜围岩、蚀变围岩及矿石的微量、稀土元素含量及其变化进行了研究。结果显示:在含较多热液成因萤石的居隆庵铀矿床中,从新鲜围岩到蚀变围岩到矿石,Zr、Hf含量先降低再升高;而在含少量热液萤石的沙洲铀矿床中,新鲜围岩、蚀变围岩和矿石的Zr、Hf含量基本一致。鉴于富F流体易汲取岩石中的Zr、Hf,因此,这两个矿床中不同类型样品Zr、Hf含量的不同变化趋势,可能与居隆庵铀矿床的成矿流体富F、而沙洲铀矿床的成矿流体相对贫F有关。这两个铀矿床中矿石的稀土配分曲线与其各自的新鲜及蚀变围岩的稀土配分曲线形态相似但又存在差异,说明每个矿床的新鲜围岩、蚀变围岩和矿石之间的稀土元素既具有继承性、又受到不同性质的流体的影响。居隆庵铀矿床中矿石显示Eu负异常,可能主要是继承了围岩的Eu负异常;沙洲铀矿床中矿石Eu显示弱负异常至弱正异常的特征,可能与围岩中斜长石因热液蚀变作用而释放出的Eu的进入流体有关。基于新鲜围岩、蚀变围岩及矿石的U和REE研究,推断居隆庵铀矿床成矿流体中U和REE均以F的络合物形式迁移;但沙洲铀矿床中铀矿石品位较低,可能是与流体中相对贫F有关。     

大茶园铀矿床成矿物质来源:C-O和Sr-Nd同位素证据

赣杭铀成矿带是我国最大的火山岩型铀成矿带,大茶园(661)铀矿床是该成矿带东段最重要的火山岩型铀矿床,矿体赋存于晚中生代磨石山群九里坪组流纹岩中。为探讨该铀矿床成矿物质来源,对采自大茶园铀矿床中的脉石矿物开展了系统的C-O和Sr-Nd同位素研究。结果表明,成矿流体中矿化剂∑CO_2主要来源于地幔,部分来自于基底大理岩或沉积碳酸盐岩碳;成矿期后方解石碳同位素组成靠近基底大理岩或沉积碳酸盐岩组成,可能主要为壳源碳酸盐岩的贡献;成矿期流体中∑CO_2以HCO_3~-为主,CO_2去气作用为方解石沉淀形成的主要机制。成矿期不同阶段方解石与萤石的Sr、Nd同位素组成没有明显差别且变化较小,显示矿床中脉石矿物的同源性。通过与基底陈蔡群变质岩和盖层火山岩的Sr、Nd同位素组成对比发现,成矿期萤石与盖层火山岩具有类似的Sr同位素组成,表明大茶园铀矿床成矿物质以壳源为主,主要来自于赋矿火山岩,而Nd同位素进一步表明成矿物质可能来源于赋矿的流纹岩。岩石圈伸展控制着富CO_2热液的形成,富CO_2热液在上升过程中萃取壳源(尤其是富铀火山岩)中成矿物质,并在有利的成矿部位通过CO_2去气作用导致铀沉淀成矿。     

新疆准噶尔北东缘扎格依库都克金矿床流体包裹体与同位素地球化学研究

扎格依库都克金矿床产于下石炭统黑山头组一套火山-火山碎屑岩中,矿体呈脉状、网脉状,含矿岩石主要为含硫化物的石英脉。围岩蚀变以硅化、黄铁矿化、绢云母化、碳酸盐化为主。流体包裹体显微测温显示成矿流体温度165°C^284°C,盐度集中于6~14%NaCL.eq。含金石英脉H、O同位素结果显示其早期成矿流体为岩浆水和大气降水混合流体,中晚期以大气降水为主。矿石中黄铁矿S同位素具幔源硫特征。根据矿床地质特征与成矿流体性质,初步认为该矿床为浅成热液型金矿。     

河南省大河沟锑矿床构造-流体与低温成矿

大河沟锑矿床分布在中元古界秦岭群变质岩内,矿体产出受双槐树深大断裂及其旁侧断裂控制,是一个构造控矿因素明显的低温热液矿床。为了深入探索它的成矿构造与成矿元素富集的有机联系及成矿机理,选择矿床内典型构造岩开展了构造岩特征和矿石的主微量元素、矿石矿物学、同位素地球化学和包裹体测试等分析。研究结果表明:矿床分布受区域韧性剪切带的控制,矿体围岩的糜棱岩化时限198.6"4.74Ma,并具有成矿元素矿源层的性质;辉锑矿可能在单一环境和封闭条件下形成,有独特的辉锑矿晶体特征峰值,含高的As、Au、Ag、Mo、Hg、Pb和Zn元素;方解石矿物的C—O同位素属于岩浆-地幔来源;辉锑矿硫同位素的值域为δ34S介于1.8‰~2.6‰之间,铅同位素显示地层铅的变化与辉锑矿相近;包裹体成分的测定表明流体具有硫酸盐的性质,局部为重碳酸根型水溶液,以热液改造沉积卤水为特征,成矿作用在还原条件下进行,石英包裹体中含有较高的H2暗示成矿流体具有深源性质。综合研究认为,矿床形成作用是深部热流体沿深大断裂活动,萃取了韧性剪切变形构造带中活动的金属元素,然后在还原条件和低温环境中沉淀成矿,成矿类型厘定为构造-流体制约的变质型矿床。     

Geochemistry of mafic–ultramafic magmatism in the Western Ghats belt (Kudremukh greenstone belt), western Dharwar Craton,India: implications for mantle sources and geodynamic setting

Western Ghats Belt of western Dharwar Craton is dominated by metavolcanic rocks (komatiites, high-magnesium basalts (HMBs), basalts, boninites) with occasional metagabbros. This rock-suite has undergone post-magmatic alteration processes corresponding to greenschist- to lower-amphibolite facies conditions. Komatiites are Al-depleted, characterized by lower Al₂O₃/TiO₂ and high CaO/Al₂O₃. Their trace element distribution patterns suggest most of the primary geochemical compositions are preserved with minor influence of post-magmatic alteration processes and negligible crustal contamination. Chemical characteristics of Al-depleted komatiites imply their derivation from deeper upper mantle with/without garnet involvement. HMBs and basalts are differentiated based on their magnesium content. Basalts and occasionally associated gabbroic sills have similar geochemical characteristics. HMB are characterized by light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment, with significant Nb–Ta and Zr negative anomalies. Basalts and associated gabbros display tholeiitic affinity, with LREE-enriched to slightly fractionated heavy rare earth element (HREE) patterns. Boninites are distinctive in conjunction of low abundances of incompatible elements with respect to the studied komatiites. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of boninites show relative enrichment in LREE and HREE with respect to MREE. Prominent island arc signatures are evident in HMB, basalts, boninites, and gabbros in terms of their Nb–Ta and Zr–Hf negative anomalies, LREE enrichment and HFSE depletion. It is suggested that these HMB–basalts (associated gabbros)–boninites are the products of arc magmatism. Their REE chemistry attests to a gradual transition in melting depth varying between spinel and garnet stability field in an arc regime. The close spatial association but contrasting elemental characteristics of komatiites and HMB–basalts–boninites can be explained by a plume-arc model, in which the ~3.0 Ga komatiites are considered to be the products of plume volcanism in an oceanic setting, while the HMB, basalts, boninites, and associated gabbros were emplaced in a continental margin setting around 2.8–2.7 Ga.     

北祁连地区早古生代弧岩浆作用及变质作用事件:以门源-柯柯里地区为例

位于祁连地块北缘的门源-柯柯里杂岩体出露一套早古生代高级变质岩,其中长英质片麻岩的矿物组合以石榴子石+夕线石+黑云母+长石+石英为特征,变基性岩以石榴子石+单斜辉石+角闪石+斜长石+石英为特征,具有典型的高角闪岩相-麻粒岩相组合特征。岩相学观察、相平衡模拟和地质温压计估算结果显示门源地区石榴黑云斜长片麻岩和石榴角闪岩的峰期变质作用的温压条件分别为780℃、9.0kbar和790℃、8.4kbar。相平衡模拟揭示石榴黑云斜长片麻岩经历了近等压降温的逆时针P-T轨迹,可能反映了处于中地壳的岩石经历了与洋壳俯冲相关的弧岩浆岩和弧火山岩所带来大量的热所导致的高温变质及随后的等压冷却过程。锆石U-Pb定年显示门源-柯柯里地区2个高级变质岩的变质年龄和1个闪长岩的弧岩浆作用年龄分别为495±2Ma、493±3Ma和495±3Ma,表明门源-柯柯里一带共同经历了北祁连洋壳俯冲导致的500Ma左右的弧岩浆作用和变质作用。门源-柯柯里高温低压变质带和其北侧百经寺-清水沟一带出露的HP/LT变质岩组成了双变质带,并指示了北祁连洋早古生代时期的向南俯冲。     

The importance of missing strain in Deep Water Fold and Thrust Belts

Deep water fold and thrust belts (DWFTBs) are sedimentary wedges that accommodate plate-scale deformation on both active and passive continental margins. Internally, these wedges consist of individual structures that strongly influence sediment dispersal, bathymetry and fluid migration. Most DWFTB studies investigate basin- and intra-wedge- scale processes using seismic reflection profiles, yet are inherently limited by seismic resolution. Of critical importance is strain distribution and its accommodation on discrete faults compared to distributed deformation. Recent studies have considered strain distribution by investigating regional reflection DWFTBs profiles within coupled systems, which contain down-dip compression and up-dip extension. There is broad agreement of a mis-balance in compression versus extension, with ∼5% excess in the latter associated with horizontal compaction, yet this remains unproven.Using two exceptionally well exposed outcrops in the Spanish Pyrenees we consider deformation of DWFTB at a scale comparable to, and beyond, seismic resolution for the first time. By coupling outcrop observations (decametre to hectometre scale) with a re-evaluation of seismic profiles from the Orange Basin, South Africa, which contains one of the best imaged DWFTBs globally, we provide a unique insight into the deformation from metre to margin scale. Our observations reveal hitherto unrecognised second order structures that account for the majority of the previously recognised missing strain. This re-evaluation implies that ∼5% missing strain should be accounted for in all DWFTBs, therefore existing studies using restorations of the sediment wedge will have underestimated crustal shortening in active margins, or sedimentary shortening in gravity driven systems by this amount. In contrast to previous studies, our observations imply that the majority of this strain is accommodated on discrete fault surfaces and this can explain the occurrence and location of a range of intra-wedge processes that are intimately linked to structures including sediment dispersal, fluid migration pathways and reservoir compartmentalisation.     

底部滑脱层流变性和厚度变化对褶皱冲断带影响的数值模拟

滑脱层是影响褶皱冲断带的第一因素。为了探讨底部滑脱层流变性和厚度变化对褶皱冲断带的影响,本文通过二维有限差分软件FLAC开展了数值模拟研究。常见的泥岩滑脱层具摩擦性质,此类冲断带采用弹塑性模型;而盐岩滑脱层具蠕变性质,此类冲断带则采用黏弹塑性模型。结果表明,底部滑脱层流变性以及厚度对冲断带的变形影响很大。当滑脱层为泥岩时,发育典型的叠瓦状构造样式,变形序列为背驮式向前扩展的有序序列。而当滑脱层为盐岩时,发育背、向斜相间排列的侏罗山式构造样式,并以无序序列演化。底部滑脱层厚度的变化,对泥岩滑脱层的冲断带而言,主要改变其表面坡角,对构造样式和演化序列影响不大;但对盐岩滑脱层的冲断带影响很大,不管滑脱层最厚的地方分布在后陆还是前陆,变形都会最强烈,地表凸起最高。从后陆向前陆加厚的盐岩滑脱层结合由后陆向前陆略为减薄的上覆地层可产生罕见的后冲、后展式演化序列。这些变形的差异主要是由于盐岩比泥岩具有小得多的剪切强度所致。     

人工重砂在蚀变岩金矿勘查中的应用——以宁夏树龙沟金矿为例

蚀变岩型金矿床中金常以"大颗粒金"形式存在,但针对其在蚀变矿化带中分布规律的研究相对缺乏。而且,采样及分析化验方法选择不当会导致测试结果与真实情况存在较大偏差,影响客观准确地评价找矿潜力。本文对宁夏树龙沟金矿床开展人工重砂研究,以期确定金的赋存状态、研究自然金的分布规律,以此指导区内相关勘查工作的具体部署。树龙沟金矿床为蚀变岩型金矿,受区内NE向断裂构造控制,从蚀变中心向两侧分别发育石英黄铁矿化带-伊利石黄铁矿化带-伊利石绿泥石化带,蚀变带宽度累计约10~20 m。采集的101件人工重砂样品中含自然金样品共计74件,其中粗粒金(0.07 mm)样品总量达62.4%。通过区内各类蚀变(矿化)相关的矿物与金含量关系的系统对比后发现:(1)自然金含量与褐铁矿呈正相关关系,与石英呈负相关关系,与黄铁矿的关系复杂;(2)伊利石黄铁矿化带中的自然金含量高于石英黄铁矿化带和伊利石绿泥石化带;(3)矿区基性岩脉与金无成因联系,基性脉岩及其后期破碎为金矿化提供了构造通道。本文认为在该区找矿工作中应该将伊利石黄铁矿化及石英黄铁矿化作为重要的找矿标志。本矿床自然金属于粗粒-巨粒,矿石中金含量的测定应选用针对明金的过筛火试金等分析方法。