与水文气象、地质因素有关的几种自然灾害概念的辨析

阐述了地质灾害、山地灾害、山洪灾害等与水文气象和地质因素相关的自然灾害的概念及分类,比较三者内涵与外延的差异,对三种灾害防治工作中的一些共性问题作了初步探讨。研究表明：地质灾害、山地灾害和山洪灾害三者在概念、内涵及研究对象等方面有所不同,但主要内容是相同的。在三种灾害的研究与防治上,由各个部门管理模式不利于此类灾害的跨行业、跨部门协同研究及防灾救灾。     

Investigating the molecular systematic relationships amongst selected Plesionika (Decapoda: Pandalidae) from the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea

Despite the high number of species and ecological diversity of pandalid shrimps, there has been no previous attempt to resolve evolutionary relationships of several genera using molecular tools. Although mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) is widely used in barcoding studies to delimit species boundaries, additional insights into phylogenetic affinities can be obtained, especially when used in combination with data from additional genes. The knowledge of molecular diversity is essential to understand phylogenetic relationships and will help systematic clarifications. Based on partial fragments of the 16S and COI genes, we have focused specifically on addressing the systematic relationships of the economically and ecologically important shrimp genus Plesionika within a framework of five genera from within the Pandalidae. Our results showed that species within Plesionika are substantially divergent when compared with other genera, exhibiting the highest average nucleotide divergence, with 0.1123 and 0.0846 in COI and 16S genes, respectively. In addition, sequence divergence was found to vary greatly within the genus Plesionika (COI/16S): 0.0247/0.0016 between Plesionika antigai and Plesionika heterocarpus and 0.1616/0.098 between Plesionika heterocarpus and Plesionika edwardsii. We did not find amino acid sequence divergence between P. heterocarpus and P. antigai compared with P. heterocarpus and P. edwardsii (8.10%, K2P distance). Three species of Plesionika (P. antigai, P. heterocarpus and Plesionika scopifera) appear well separated from other Plesionika species in both maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. The present study confirms the utility of COI over 16S as a genetic marker to resolve relationships between different species of Plesionika from the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, in addition to species delimitation. The findings highlight the need to further review paraphyly within Plesionika in an attempt to recognize a concordance in the evolutionary history of Plesionika with major ecological and geological events.     

广西巴马县水晶宫洞穴沉积物特征及其沉积环境

巴马县水晶宫洞内次生化学沉积物景观丰富,类型多样,有石钟乳、石幔、石瀑布、石笋、石柱、石盾等特色景观;尤其是近期仍在发育的洞顶鹅管、卷曲石、石花等是国内外较为罕见的洞穴奇景。据沉积物的沉积类型、物质成分、沉积序次及测年等资料研究表明,水晶宫洞穴沉积物形成于晚第三纪以来。晚第三纪和第四纪早更新世早期,洞内沉积主要为外源水携带的硅质岩、砂岩类砾石沉积形成的钙华砾石层。早更新世中期—中更新世气候温暖湿润,是水晶宫洞穴主要景观的形成期,沉积物景观宏大而壮观,230Th-U系测年得出其分别形成于100～35万年前。晚更新世早期12.5～9万年的末次间冰期主要为温暖气候环境,洞内仅有少量的石笋沉积,且极少保存;9万年后气候环境发生突变,更不利沉积物发育和保存;自4万年后气候环境开始表现为温暖湿润,化学沉积活跃,洞穴沉积物主要由高约50～150 cm的纯白色石笋群和钟乳石组成,为洞穴奇景的形成期,230Th-U系测年得出其分别形成于40 ka BP和7 500 a BP以及1 450 a BP。晚更新世晚期以来形成的洞穴沉积物景观,不仅为水晶宫提供了丰富的旅游资源和价值,同时也为广西重建古气候环境提供了重要的信息载体。      

中国东北地区晚二叠世岩相古地理特征

在6条野外实测剖面和38条收集剖面的基础上, 通过剖面的岩石组合特征及样品的元素地球化学分析, 对中国东北地区晚二叠世的沉积环境和古地理特征进行了研究。结果显示, 东北地区上二叠统样品常量元素具有高Si、Al, 低P、Mn、Ca的特点;微量元素具有高V、Rb、Zr、Ba, 低Be、Mo、Cd、Ta和U的特点;稀土元素表现为轻、重稀土分异显著, 轻稀土相对富集, Eu负异常的特征。沉积环境主体为陆相淡水还原环境;存在北部、东部和西部3个物源, 其中北部和东部为主要物源方向;发育三角洲相、扇三角洲相和湖泊相沉积。此外, 林西组底部样品在常量、微量及稀土元素的异常和杨家沟组底部大量碳酸盐岩砾石的出现, 说明晚二叠世初期局部有海侵发生。中国东北地区晚二叠世沉积初期为海陆交互环境, 主体为陆相湖泊沉积环境。     

桂东大瑶山成矿带新坪矿区花岗斑岩与金多金属成矿作用关系

新坪花岗斑岩位于桂东大瑶山成矿带中部新坪金矿区内。在野外地质观察的基础上,报道了在该新坪斑岩体接触带附近发现金矿体并首次在岩体内部发现石英脉型辉钼矿(化)体,认为新坪花岗斑岩体与金多金属矿化关系密切。新坪花岗斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年结果表明,该斑岩体形成于早古生代奥陶纪(462.9±6.4) Ma,属加里东期花岗岩类,因此与岩体有关的金矿化、铜钼矿化时间不会早于奥陶纪。岩体稀土元素分析结果显示,新坪花岗斑岩与邻近的古袍、圆珠顶、大黎矿区花岗斑岩体具有相似的稀土元素分布特征,可能为同源岩浆不同阶段的演化产物,说明新坪花岗斑岩体具有一定的金、钼等多金属成矿潜力。通过以上综合研究分析,初步认为新坪矿区具有寻找斑岩型金矿以及钼矿床的找矿前景。     

利用不对称的地下水位潮汐波动确定滨海含水层参数

在滨海地区,地下水水位受潮汐波动影响较大,使得传统的抽水试验、水位回复试验等方法确定含水层参数存在困难且花费较大。通过对广西北海市滨海含水层地下水位动态资料进行分析,发现其上升段和下降段是不对称的。基于海岸带承压含水层正弦潮汐波的传播理论,提出了确定含水层参数的分段法,并与振幅衰减法和滞后时间法进行对比,各种方法求出的储水系数与导水系数之比(S/T)很接近,说明分段法是有效的。对于北海市滨海含水层,上升段求出的S/T值比下降段要大,其成因机理还有待进一步分析。     

Mercury distribution and accumulation in typical wetland ecosystems of Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Total mercury in soil,water,plant,insects,fishes and bird feathers were determined to study mercury distribution and accumulation in typical wetland ecosystems in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China.Results show that total mercury concentrations in soils of Deyeuxia angustifolia wetland and Carex lascarpa wetland are 0.046 mg/kg and 0.063 mg/kg,respectively.Total mercury concentration in water bodies is 0.053 μg/L on average.Of four plants studied,total mercury in moss is the highest with the mean of 0.132 mg/kg.Of 10 terrestrial insect species studied,total mercury in centipede(Scolopendra spp.) is the highest with the mean of 0.515 mg/kg while total mercury in grasshopper(Oxya spp.) bodies is the lowest.Total mercury concentrations in the herbivorous,omnivorous and predatory insects are 10.18 ng/g,16.47 ng/g and 213.35 ng/g on average,respectively.Total mercury concentrations of the adult feather(549.88 ± 63.04 ng/g),nestling feather(55.15 ± 23.53 ng/g),and eggshell(22.05 ± 5.96 ng/g) of the Grey heron(Ardea cinerea) are higher than those of the Great egret(Egretta alba)(adult feather:446.57 ± 90.89 ng/g;nestling feather:32.99 ± 17.15 ng/g;eggshell:21.02 ± 3.17 ng/g) in the wetlands of the Sanjiang Plain.The bioconcentration factors decrease in the order of piscivorous fish muscle > omnivorous fish muscle > herbivorous fish > insect.     

根据截断的G-R模型计算东北地震区震级上限

震级上限是指一个地区可能发生地震的最大震级,其概率意义为发生超过该震级地震的概率几乎为0.在有些地区,由于对其内部的地震构造研究和认识存有局限性,很难根据构造或者地质学的原则来确定震级上限.因此,根据数学模型,采用统计手段,使用地震活动性资料来计算震级上限的估计值是一种可行的方法.本文根据截断的G-R关系模型,采用最大似然计算方法,使用东北地震区的地震目录,计算了东北地震区震级上限,结果表明东北地震区的震级上限应为M_u=7.5左右.计算中我们考虑了不同震级的转换、震级误差的修正以及计算方法的影响.最终结果表明,不论采用何种方案进行计算,东北地震区的震级上限值均始终保持在7.5左右,这说明我们采用本文中方法计算得到的东北地震区的震级上限值是合理可信的,同时也说明在以往的研究中对东北地震区震级上限的估计大都是偏小的.     

广西龙滩库区深部孕震结构大地电磁探测研究

在广西龙滩库区布置2条北北西-南东东向大地电磁探测剖面进行了32个测点的观测,观测频段为320 Hz~1000 s.对2条剖面上测量和计算得到的各种电磁参数、深部电性结构图像以及库区地质构造、岩性和水域分布等进行分析研究.结果显示库区发育的6条断裂在电性上表现为不同程度的电性差异边界,其中拉浪-达良断裂和拉色-辉马断裂为库区主要断裂带.库区深部电性结构总体表现为纵向上自地表到20 km深度呈现高-低-高的波浪起伏的三层结构,横向上呈明显的高低电阻块状组合样式.龙滩库区4个地震丛集区的震源都位于高、低电阻接触带附近,其中3个地震丛集区的震源位于低阻特性的石炭系地层的下部,为岩溶水体诱发地震;发生最大震级的地震丛集区的震源位于上宽下窄似"铆钉状"的高阻体下部,推测是因水库蓄水后水体压力增大和库水渗透作用下在聚集高变形能的脆性高电阻体内部发生的地震.     

东北地区古生代地层间断

东北地区古生代在南部有一个地层间断面,北部有三个地层间断面：奥陶纪、晚志留世末-早泥盆世和早石炭世晚期-晚石炭世,相应于古亚洲洋构造域发展的不同阶段,结束于早三叠世末.最后的间断面以后,东北南部和北部古生代地层进入同步发展.