Impact of trace metals on denitrification in estuarine sediments of the Douro River estuary,Portugal

Denitrification influences the nitrogen budget in estuaries by removing fixed nitrogen from the inorganic pool; rates are dependent on both geological and geographic conditions as well as increasing anthropogenic impacts. In this study the effects of copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), on the denitrification pathway were evaluated in subtidal and intertidal sediments of the Douro River estuary. Dinitrogen, N₂O and NO₂⁻ production rates were measured in triplicate slurries of field samples under different treatments of metal concentrations. Results demonstrated that similar metal amendments led to different site responses for denitrification, suggesting that variations in sediment properties (metal concentrations, grain size, organic matter content, etc.) and/or differences in denitrifying community tolerance modulate the level of metal toxicity. Denitrifying communities in subtidal muddy sediments were not affected by increasing concentrations of metals. In contrast, intertidal sandy sites revealed high sensitivity to almost all trace metals tested; almost complete inhibition by Cr (95%) and Cu (85%) was observed for 98 and 79 μg per gram of wet sediment respectively, and by Zn (92%) at the highest concentration added (490 μg per gram of wet sediment). Moreover, the addition of trace metals stimulated N₂O and NO₂⁻ accumulation in intertidal sandy (Zn, Cu, Cr and Cd) and muddy sediments (Cu and Zn), demonstrating a pronounced inhibitory effect on specific steps within the denitrification enzymatic system. In summary, the results obtained suggest that, according to the type of estuarine sediment, trace metals cannot only reduce total N removal from an estuary via denitrification but also can enhance the release of N₂O, a powerful greenhouse gas.     

掺铝氧化锌厚膜制备及其对三甲胺和海产品鲜度的敏感性

用烧结法制备掺铝氧化锌厚膜，把氧化锌粉末分别同０％，１％，３％，５％的Ａｌ２Ｏ３粉末机械研磨混合均匀，在１１００℃下烧３ｈ，再同粘合剂，有机溶剂混合制成浆料，用刮刀法在氧化铝基片上浆料制成膜，在１００℃下烘干后再经１１００℃烧结２ｈ。膜的灵敏度的测量方法是将膜放在玻璃管内加热到测量温度，测量膜暴露在一定浓度ＴＭＡ气体或由牡蛎放出的气体时电阻值的变化。测量温度为２００，２５０，３００℃和４００℃，Ｔ     

水合氧化锆吸附硼的研究

详细地研究了硼在水合氧化锆吸附剂上的吸附行为。研究结果表明，水合氧化锆的吸硼速率较快，２ｈ可完全达平衡，且吸附可用Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ等温吸附线很好地拟合。被吸附的硼易被碱液洗脱，通过水合氧化锆上硼的“吸附－脱附循环”研究，表明该吸附剂的吸附性能好，再生能力强，循环使用寿命长，是一种很有价值的高效脱硼吸附剂。     

废重整催化剂中铂的分光光度法的测定

分光光度法测定用于废氧化铝载体铂催化剂中铂含量。铂被还原成铂黑从杂质中分离出，用王水溶解形成六氯铂酸盐酸溶液，加入氯化亚锡形成橙黄色络合物溶液在４０３ｎｍ进行测定。对该方法的回收率，钼存在对测定的影响进行了研究，方法回收率９８～１０２％，在１０－６数量级，即使钼浓度与铂浓度相等并不影响铂的测定     

栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)外套膜一氧化氮合酶的研究

采用组织化学、免疫组化和生物化学方法对栉孔扇贝外套膜中的一氧化氮合酶(EC1.14.13.39,NOS)活性进行了研究。组织化学显示结果表明,帆状部上皮细胞呈NOS强阳性,血细胞和神经纤维呈阳性;外套触手内有较多近圆形细胞和大量波浪形神经纤维呈NOS强阳性;边缘膜内有大量神经细胞和神经纤维分别呈NOS强阳性和阳性,外套环走肌束附近和血管内皮周围均有大量近圆形的强阳性细胞分布;中央膜有大量近圆形阳性细胞聚集成团块或分散分布。免疫组化显示表明,血细胞、帆状部和边缘膜上皮细胞呈神经型NOS(nNOS)和内皮型NOS(eNOS)弱阳性,而呈诱导型NOS(iNOS)阳性。生化测定结果表明,总NOS(tNOS)活力和一氧化氮(NO)含量均为中央膜最高,边缘膜次之,外套触手较低,帆状部最低,其中结构型NOS(cNOS)活力也是帆状部的最低,而iNOS活力则是外套触手的最低。栉孔扇贝外套膜可能是其神经系统中NOS的发生中心,NO-NOS体系可在其免疫防御和调节等方面发挥重要的作用。     

一氧化氮和铁对海洋微藻生长的交互影响

在实验室进行了一氧化氮(NO)和铁对海洋微藻中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)生长影响实验.实验结果如下:在铁限制情况下,外源NO能明显提高微藻的生长速率,增加生物量,但NO和铁对浮游植物生长影响是一个复杂的过程,它受到NO的浓度、培养液的营养水平、铁的浓度等因素的影响,同时培养液中铁的浓度也直接影响到微藻的生长和NO的释放量.因此,一氧化氮与铁在浮游植物生长过程中是交互影响的.     

氧化钕中杂质氧化镍含量的测定及测量结果的不确定度分析

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)法测定氧化钕中杂质氧化镍的含量,得到氧化镍含量为0.002 7%,分析了检测过程中的各个影响因素,并对测量结果的可靠性以相对扩展不确定度表示(U_rel=12%,k=2)。相对不确定度分量计算结果表明,标准曲线拟合时引入的相对不确定度分量最大,u_rel(c₂)=5.639%,其次为标准溶液配制过程中引入的相对不确定度分量u_rel(c₁)=0.879%。本文可为相关检测人员的结果不确定度分析提供参考。     

淋溶时间对红黏土物理力学特性的影响

以湖北省鄂州市庙岭镇的红黏土为研究对象,以化学选择溶解法结合淋溶作用为处理手段,将原状土样中的游离氧化铁按梯度去除,获得连二亚硫酸钠-柠檬酸钠-碳酸氢钠(DCB)溶液淋溶时间与除铁率的关系,并分析了不同淋溶时间对红黏土物理力学特性及微观孔隙结构的影响。试验结果表明,DCB溶液淋溶时间与除铁率相关性较强,除铁率与时间呈先快速增长后逐渐稳定的关系。由于游离氧化铁在土颗粒间主要起胶结作用,故淋溶时间对红黏土的物理力学特性有较大影响。随着淋溶时间的增长,黏粒与胶粒含量逐渐增大,耐热性小幅提升,无侧限抗压强度显著减小,且无侧限抗压强度变化整体趋势为前期急剧降低至后期趋于平稳。核磁共振、差热分析和电镜扫描的结果表明,随着淋溶时间的增大,庙岭红黏土内部孔隙增大,自由水减少,结合水增多,微观形态上团粒结构遭到破坏,胶结物质明显减少,结构形式从紧凑的粒团堆叠结构逐渐转化为聚集体-松散颗粒状结构。     

氧化锰、氧化铁、氧化铝对砷(Ⅲ)的吸附行为研究

合成了氧化锰、氧化铁、氧化铝三种矿物,以氧化铁、氧化锰为吸附剂研究了pH值、离子强度和时间等因素对吸附As(Ⅲ)的影响,并讨论了氧化锰、氧化铁、氧化铝三种矿物对As(Ⅲ)的饱和吸附容量及等温吸附实验。pH值对氧化锰吸附As(Ⅲ)几乎不影响,对氧化铁吸附As(Ⅲ)在很大的范围内(pH为3.5~8.5)影响不大,离子强度对二者吸附As(Ⅲ)的影响不大,吸附反应在0.5 h左右达到吸附平衡。在优化吸附条件下氧化锰、氧化铁、氧化铝对As(Ⅲ)的饱和吸附容量分别为48.38 mg/g、23.70 mg/g、3.52mg/g,三种合成矿物对As(Ⅲ)的饱和吸附容量:氧化锰氧化铁氧化铝。对实验数据进行Freundlich和Langmuir拟合,相关系数R均在0.98以上,吸附动力学符合Lagergren二级速率方程。     

NO emissions as observed by SPICAV during stellar occultations

Ultraviolet (UV) nightglow data from the SPICAV instrument (SPectroscopy for the Investigation of the Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Venus) onboard the Venus Express spacecraft, currently in orbit around Venus, are presented. In its extended source mode, SPICAV has shown that the Venus nightglow in the UV contains essentially Lyman-α and Nitric Oxide (NO) emissions. In the stellar mode, when the slit of the spectrometer is removed, an emission is also observed at the limb in addition to the stellar spectrum. A forward model allows us to identify this feature as being an NO emission. Due to radiative recombination of N and O atoms produced on the dayside of Venus, and transported to the nightside, NO nightglow provides important constraints to the Solar-to-Anti Solar thermospheric circulation prevailing above 90 km. The forward model presented here allows us to derive the altitude of the peak of emission of the NO layer, found at 113.5±6 km, as well as its scale height, of 3.4±1 km and its brightness. The latter is found to be very variable with emissions between 19 Kilo-Rayleigh (kR) and 540 kR. In addition, the NO nightglow is sometimes very patchy, as we are able to observe two distinct emission zones in the field of view. Finally, systematic extraction of this emission from stellar occultations extends the database of the NO emission already reported elsewhere using limb observations.