2013-2015年合肥市PM2.5重污染特征研究

综合利用中国环境监测网公布的合肥市2013-2015年大气污染物浓度数据和合肥市气象站的常规气象资料,以及激光雷达探测资料、公益性行业（气象）专项（GYHY201206011）获得的气溶胶离子成分分析结果,分析了合肥市PM_2.5重污染（日均浓度>150 μg/m3）特征。结果表明:（1）2013-2015年,合肥市PM_2.5浓度和重污染天数空间分布差异明显,东北部多、西南部少,1月各站差异最大。除了低浓度日（日均浓度≤35 μg/m3）,PM_2.5浓度都存在明显的日变化,午后低、早晚高,且随着污染程度加重,早上峰值出现时间推后。（2）重污染日臭氧以外的气态污染物浓度都显著上升。（3）重污染日常伴随着霾和轻雾天气,以稳定、小风天气为主,重污染日白天相对湿度偏高、风速偏小,600 m以下的消光系数显著增大且峰值高度降低。（4）重污染日PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子含量增高,其中NO₃-含量的占比增加最多,超过了SO₄2-的占比。      

Making market rationality: material semiotics and the case of congestion pricing in New York City

What were politicians, planners, and activists able to make of market concepts and market devices as they crafted congestion pricing plans in the context of New York City’s regional governance structure, its transportation infrastructure, and its physical geography? The answer challenges typical assumptions about the use of market mechanisms in restructuring urban space. Market mechanisms and market rationality created a platform for political debate about citywide mobility and its costs. From 2003 to 2014, through five formal plans, advocates and detractors opened up a political space for debating the interests of actors, from drivers, to pedestrians, to the local and global environment to citywide mobility. Market rationality was a provisional assemblage into which actors sought to embed values like sustainability and fairness. These values became more important in each new plan as advocates sought to address the political vulnerabilities of the one that had come before. The changes from plan to plan show challenges, liabilities, and possibilities for using market tools to address ecological and justice issues.     

Agents of landscape change in southern New Zealand, 1896–1920

The records of two large stock and station agents, Loan & Mercantile Agency in Dunedin and Wright Stephenson in Invercargill, allowed us to track the timing, nature, magnitude and rate of landscape change in southern New Zealand between 1896 and 1920. This period extends from the final years of subdivision of large estates, and includes closer settlement, the shift from pastoral farming to intensive agriculture, growth of dairying, and increasing mechanisation of agriculture. These changes are reflected in clients’ annual expenditures on capital items such as fencing and building materials, tools and implements, materials for drains.     

‘Ageing out of place’: Experiences of resettlement and belonging among older Bhutanese refugees in New Zealand

Previous research has suggested that older refugees are particularly vulnerable to the stresses of resettlement in developed countries. However, to date the voices of older refugees have largely been missing from the body of refugee resettlement research. Using in‐depth interviews and thematic analysis, this paper explores the personal resettlement experiences of three former refugee elders from the Bhutanese community in Palmerston North. The findings suggest that culture, religion and social connections are of vital importance to the well‐being of these Bhutanese elders and their ability to foster a sense of self and place in a foreign land.     

Exploring a New Regionalism-Based Approach to Managing Drinking Water Systems in Rural Regions

Rural regions face many challenges when managing drinking water systems. Current management approaches lack the ability to deal with the complexity that surrounds these infrastructure systems and the critical service they provide, in particular, the links between these systems and the economy and environment. This research explores the potential for an alternative approach. The proposed new regionalism-based approach recognizes and accounts for the myriad of influencing factors, using different mechanisms to support and encourage drinking water systems in fulfilling their potential role in supporting regional resilience. Using a case study approach, data collected from semistructured interviews indicate that elements of the proposed approach are already in use within the Kootenay Development Region of British Columbia, Canada. Results indicate that while the need for an alternate management approach is recognized, and elements of the proposed approach are increasingly applied, substantive barriers remain, such as the existing institutional and jurisdictional structure.     

The super-gentrification of Park Slope,Brooklyn

Studies of classical gentrification typically focus on the embourgeoisement of neighborhoods and displacement of marginalized people. Recently, a new form of gentrification – super-gentrification – has emerged with the expansion of global finance capital, according to urban geographer Loretta Lees. Super-gentrification entails the further upscaling of already gentrified neighborhoods with the in-migration of upper-income residents and displacement of middle class residents, many of whom were among the initial gentrifiers. Despite the attention policy makers, urban planners, and the media are paying to the “middle class squeeze,” few quantitative studies of super-gentrification exist. Using data from the United States Decennial Census, American Community Survey, public residential sales transaction records, and real estate listings, this article sheds light on the landscape of super-gentrification and how to identify it with a quantitative analysis of changes in income, demographics, and housing affordability in the Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York since 1970.     

天津滨海新区生态用地评价研究

运用GIS和RS技术,从生态服务功能、景观空间结构和土壤环境质量3个方面建立评价指标体系,运用加权指数和法对天津滨海新区生态用地空间重要性进行评价,为区域土地利用规划调整和生态用地分级保护提供引导和理论依据。将生态用地划分为3个类型区,以反映不同生态用地保护级别和建设管制要求。其中,特殊保护区/禁止建设区占生态用地面积的34.62%,大部分为湿地;重点保护区/限制建设区占41.29%,主要为耕地;一般保护区/有条件建设区占24.09%,以盐田为主。     

湘江新区土地利用结构多目标规划及决策偏好分析

土地利用规划需要综合考虑经济效益和生态效益。构建了经济最大化和生态效益最大化2个目标,并运用基于模糊集理论的最大(小)算子法求得兼顾经济效益和生态效益的土地利用模糊最优规划方案。随后重点探讨了不同决策偏好情景下的土地利用优化方案和综合效益的变化。研究结果表明:(1)对经济效益和生态效益的偏好程度不同,主要会导致林地、城镇建设用地和水域面积发生变化;(2)随着决策者对生态效益偏好程度的增加,城镇建设用地面积逐渐减少,林地和水域面积逐渐增加;(3)当经济效益比生态效益重要时,最优的用地规划方案主要是在城镇用地和水域面积之间进行权衡;当生态效益比经济效益重要时,最优的用地规划方案主要是在林地和城镇建设用地之间进行权衡。研究结果对湘江新区进行"资源节约型和环境友好型社会"建设中的多目标土地利用规划具有一定的决策参考价值。     

Taming a “chaotic concept”: gentrification and segmented consumption in Brooklyn, 2002–2012

Public debate and prior scholarship tend to emphasize the link between gentrification and high-end chain retail, underscoring the importance of taste cultures tied to social class in making sense of gentrification’s impact on neighborhood identity. In this study, we present evidence from 10 years of change in the businesses of Brooklyn, New York City, a period of extensive gentrification across a wide variety of neighborhood and census-tract level contexts. Adopting census tracts clustered in neighborhoods as the units of analysis, we model the effects of institutional and demographic change on two separate outcomes: chain retail density and homogeneity in the types of goods and services available. We argue that changes in consumer culture embedded in broader processes of gentrification are neither “chaotic” nor “unitary” but are “segmented” according to local spatial and demographic context, taking two discrete forms: institutionally facilitated corporatization; lifestyle-driven homogenization.     

Is there diversity in the New Urbanism? Analyzing the demographic characteristics of New Urbanist neighborhoods in the United States

The New Urbanism (NU) planning movement aspires to create socially diverse neighborhoods. It is unclear, however, whether this movement lives up to its aspirations in practice. In an effort to systematically examine this aspect of the movement, this paper analyzes age, family type, income, and race data of 70 NU neighborhoods in the United States. The paper uses a diversity index to compare the NU neighborhoods with control sites. Findings show that NU neighborhoods have lower racial diversity, but may have higher income diversity. Consideration of variations within the way NU is implemented reveals that the low racial diversity is associated with a single approach, but higher income diversity is associated with all variants. This paper argues that NU generates places that are more socially diverse than what is described in the literature and uses two case studies to explore the ways in which diversity is produced and its relation to gentrification.