中国城市全要素生产率的演化格局及其影响因素

基于数据包络分析,以资本、土地和劳动力为生产要素,非农GDP为经济产出,以中国县级市及其以上城市为研究对象,定量评估中国城市全要素生产率的空间布局及其波动影响因素。结果表明,近年来中国城市技术效率总体呈东高西低、有一定空间外溢的地域性特征。不过,近年来中国城市规模效率较高城市主要为大城市周边临近小城镇,环渤海地区、长三角地区与珠三角地区尤为显著。同时,近年来中国城市技术效率变化与城市经济效率变化都有明显的地域性特征,经济落后地区优于经济发达地区,中小城市区域好于大中城市区域。不过,近年来中国城市规模效率变化的高值区域主要集聚于环渤海地区、珠三角地区与长三角地区等主要城镇化区域,而大中城市规模效率增长状况整体上也好于中小城市。另外,近年来中国城市经济效率波动受制于城镇产业模式、政府经济策略与社会发展水平及其城镇化进程,而城市规模也有非线性的影响作用,而地方政府大力依赖的房地产开发投资并不能有效推动城市经济效率趋于提高态势。     

Prediction of Flowing Bottomhole Pressures for Two-Phase Coalbed Methane Wells

A method is proposed to predict the flowing bottomhole pressures(FBHPs)for two-phase coalbed methane(CBM)wells.The mathematical models for both gas column pressure and two-phase fluid column pressure were developed based on the well liquid flow equation.FBHPs during the production were predicted by considering the effect of entrained liquid on gravitational gradients.Comparison of calculated BHPs by Cullender-Smith and proposed method was also studied.The results show that the proposed algorithm gives the desired accuracy of calculating BHPs in the lowproductivity and low-pressure CBM wells.FBHP is resulted from the combined action of wellhead pressure,gas column pressure and fluid column pressure.Variation of kinetic energy term,compressibility and friction factors with depth increments and liquid holdup with velocity should be considered to simulate the real BHPs adequately.BHP is a function of depth of each column segment.The small errors of less than 1.5%between the calculated and measured values are obtained with each segment within 25 m.Adjusting BHPs can effectively increase production pressure drop,which is beneficial to CBM desorption and enhances reservoir productivity.The increment of pressure drop from 5.37 MPa2 to 8.66 MPa2 leads to an increase of CBM production from 3270 m3/d to 6700 m3/d and is attributed to a decrease in BHP from 2.25 MPa to 1.33 MPa.     

The Effect of Atmospheric Stability on the Surface-Layer Characteristics in a Low-Wind Area of Tropical West Africa

This study details the observed effects ofatmospheric stability on characteristics of thesurface layer in a low wind speed (U = 1.5 m s-1)regime of tropical West Africa. Theaerodynamic roughness length, z0, anddisplacement height, d, obtained from profilewind-speed data at our bush land site (height 2 m)have values of 0.24 ± 0.10 m and 1.54 ± 0.04 mrespectively. In the unstable range (-2.5 < Ri < -0.1; Riis gradient Richardson number), thestandard deviation in wind speed fluctuations, u, increased from 0.57 ± 0.19 m s-1 toa maximum of 0.7 ± 0.2 m s-1 in near-neutralconditions, and in the stable range, the parameterdecreased rapidly to 0.41 ± 0.15 m s-1 at Ri 0.2.In the same stability range, the horizontal winddispersion, , decreased withincreasing stability from 19 ± 8 deg. to 13 ± 5 deg.The surface-layer integral quantity, u/u*, when plottedas a function of stability, is in agreement with theempirical results. The ratio ofsensible heat flux (estimated) to the net radiationranged between 0.1 and 0.2 at nighttime,increasing to about 0.5 during the daytime, and showeda strong dependency on season.     

三峡水库香溪河初级生产力及其影响因素分析

2013 2014年采用黑白瓶测氧法对香溪河不同站点(上、中、下游及其支流库湾)和不同水深(0.5、1.0、2.0、5.0和10.0 m)的初级生产力进行原位测定.结果显示:(1)三峡水库蓄水后香溪河水域初级生产力具有显著的空间差异,支流和上游的总初级生产力大于中、下游,下游的初级生产力水平最低;初级生产力随着水深增加呈现逐渐减少的趋势;(2)初级生产力具有显著的季节差异,春、夏季显著高于秋、冬季;(3)光照强度、水温和天气对初级生产力有显著影响,水体叶绿素浓度与初级生产力极显著相关.结果显示,蓄水后改变的水文情势将香溪河的初级生产划分为明显不同的两个区域,水动力条件成为影响初级生产力的重要因子;依据初级生产力判断香溪河为富营养、自养代谢型水体.     

南大洋环极表层水浮游植物分级生物量、初级生产力和颗粒有机碳的分布

198 9/1 990年夏季作者在中国第六次南极考察环极航行中 ,对南大洋不同海区的浮游植物细胞大小分级叶绿素 a和初级生产力、颗粒有机碳及有关环境参数进行了测定。结果表明 ,在南极水域中以南大西洋最为肥沃 ,叶绿素 a浓度平均超过 2 μg/dm3 ,POC的平均浓度也最高 (>1 0 0 μg/dm3 ) ,而德雷克海峡和南印度洋较低。叶绿素 a和 POC的空间变异具有同步的波动。分级叶绿素 a结果表明 ,在肥沃的南大西洋以细胞 >2 0 μm的绢滤浮游生物 (主要是小型浮游生物 )所占比重最高 (6 5 %) ,而在较贫瘠的南印度洋则以微微型浮游生物 (<2 μm)最高 (47%)。分级初级生产力的结果表明 ,在南大西洋和德雷克海峡对总初级生产力的贡献以微微型浮游生物为最大 ,微型浮游生物和小型浮游生物的贡献大致相当。微微型浮游生物相对高的光合作用生理活性显示了它们在南大洋海洋生态系中的重要性。与南极水域相比 ,亚南极和亚热带水域较为贫瘠。     

云南冬瓜林金矿床原生叠加晕特征与深部找矿

冬瓜林金矿床位于哀牢山金矿带的镇沅金矿田。文章在野外地质工作的基础上,运用多元统计的方法,求得微量元素找矿标志;并根据地球化学各参数信息,计算出元素轴向分带序列,建立原生叠加晕理想模型,构建深部矿体预测指标,明确下一步的找矿方向。研究表明:(1)该矿床的成矿元素Au与元素Ni、Co、Cu、Mn、Sb、Sn关系密切,原生晕轴向分带序列从上到下为As-Bi-Mn-Pb-Sb-B-Sn-Cu-Co-Hg-Ni-Zn-Au-Ag-Mo;(2)矿体中前缘晕、尾晕共存现象明显,预示着矿体向下还有很大的延伸,深部找矿应在矿体的北东方向进行;(3)评价指标(B×As×Hg×Sb)D/(Mn×Ni×Co×Sn)D,是有效的预测深部矿体资源潜力指标。     

Simulating potential yields of Chinese super hybrid rice in Bangladesh,India and Myanmar with EPIC model

In this study, information is collected on the weather, soils, field management and agricultural statistics in the Bangladesh, India and Myanmar (BIM) region. Crop growth parameters within the EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate) model are calibrated using cultivar data and regional experimental records of indica hybrid rice Fyou498 and Fengliangyou4 in China. Potential yields of rice are then simulated in the BIM region from 1996 to 2005. The effects of local irrigation and fertilization levels on super hybrid rice yield are examined. The potential yields of Chinese hybrid rice at local irrigation and fertilization levels in 2000 and at full irrigation and rational fertilization levels are found to be 10.22 t/ha and 11.33 t/ha, respectively. The potential for increasing monsoon rice production in the study region is 227.71 million tons. The eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain in India, the southeast coast of India Peninsula and the Ayeyarwady Delta in Myanmar have the largest potentials for monsoon rice production. The northeastern and southwestern areas of the Deccan Plateau and the northwestern region of the Indo-Gangetic Plain need to improve irrigation equipment to meet the water-use requirements of high-yield rice. The central and southern plains in Myanmar and northeastern India need greater access to nitrogen fertilization for high-yield rice.     

Climatic Changes Dominant Interannual Trend in Net Primary Productivity of Alpine Vulnerable Ecosystems

The Three-River Headwaters (TRH), which is the source area of Yangtze River, Yellow River and Lancang River, is vulnerable and sensitive, and its alpine ecosystem is considered an important barrier for China’s ecological security. Understanding the impact of climate changes is essential for determining suitable measures for ecological environmental protection and restoration against the background of global climatic changes. However, different explanations of the interannual trends in complex alpine ecosystems have been proposed due to limited availability of reliable data and the uncertainty of the model itself. In this study, the remote sensing-process coupled model (GLOPEM-CEVSA) was used to estimate the net primary productivity (NPP) of vegetation in the TRH region from 2000 to 2012. The estimated NPP significantly and linearly correlated with the above-ground biomass sampled in the field (the multiple correlative coefficient R² = 0.45, significant level P < 0.01) and showed better performance than the MODIS productivity product, i.e. MOD17A3, (R² = 0.21). The climate of TRH became warmer and wetter during 1990-2012, and the years 2000 to 2012 were warmer and wetter than the years1990-2000. Responding to the warmer and wetter climate, the NPP had an increasing trend of 13.7 g m^-2 (10 yr)^-1 with a statistical confidence of 86% (P = 0.14). Among the three basins, the NPP of the Yellow River basin increased at the fastest rate of 17.44 g m^-2 (10 yr)^-1 (P = 0.158), followed by the Yangtze River basin, and the Lancang River, which was the slowest with a rate of 12.2 g m^-2 (10 yr)^-1 and a statistical confidence level of only 67%. A multivariate linear regression with temperature and precipitation as the independent variables and NPP as the dependent variable at the pixel level was used to analyze the impacts of climatic changes on the trend of NPP. Both temperature and precipitation can explain the interannual variability of 83% in grassland NPP in the whole region, and can explain high, medium and low coverage of 78%, 84% and 83%, respectively, for grassland in the whole region. The results indicate that climate changes play a dominant role in the interannual trend of vegetation productivity in the alpine ecosystems on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. This has important implications for the formulation of ecological protection and restoration policies for vulnerable ecosystems against the background of global climate changes.     

庙岛群岛北五岛生态系统净初级生产力与景观格局时空分布异质性研究

利用ArcGIS10.2、ENVI5.1、SPSS26等软件,本文基于经典CASA模型估算了2005年、2010年、2017年庙岛群岛北五岛的净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity, NPP),从季节、岛屿、景观类型、地形梯度等多种角度分析了NPP的时空分布异质性;进而分析了2005年、2010年、2017年北五岛的景观格局时空分布异质性;探讨了NPP与景观格局时空变化之间的关系及其原因。结果表明：庙岛群岛北五岛平均全年NPP总量为7 520.54 t/a(以碳计),平均密度为406.07 g/(m²·a) (以碳计);NPP分布呈明显的时空分异性;各景观类型平均面积由大到小依次为：针叶林、阔叶林、建设用地、草地、耕地;其NPP平均密度由大到小依次为：阔叶林、针叶林、耕地、草地、建设用地;各景观NPP平均密度随坡度和高差的增大先上升后出现平缓下降态势;坡向对林地NPP影响较大,半阴坡林地NPP平均密度最大;不同地形梯度的NPP年平均密度随时间推移总体呈下降态势;NPP高值出现在山林区域,低值主要在建设用地区域;由于自然地理条件、植物自身生长条件和人类活动强度等原因,NPP时空异质性分布受季节差异、景观格局时空异质性和地形因子影响显著。     

稀疏植被净初级生产力时空变化及气象因素关系分析

本文探讨了2001-2018年古尔班通古特沙漠植被NPP时空格局,基于改进的CASA模型,采用空间分析、相关性分析及地理探测器模型等方法,揭示了研究区NPP气候驱动因子及其影响。结果表明:①古尔班通古特沙漠近18年植被NPP变化总体呈现波动增加趋势,增速为0.56 gC· a^-1,NPP均值为46.90 gC· m^-2· a^-1;②2001-2018年,年均NPP整体呈西低东高、北低南高的空间分布格局,但从动态上而言,基本呈现沙漠腹地较稳定、四周较活跃的格局;③古尔班通古特沙漠植被NPP主要受降水因子的影响,与降水、气温因子均呈正相关关系,从各因子驱动力分析而言,降水因子(0.614 4)为限制荒漠植被生长的主导因素。