Perspectives for Li- and Ta-Mineralization in the Borborema Pegmatite Province,NE-Brazil: A review

The increasing strategic importance of Li- and Ta-ores during the last decades due to the strong consumption growth for rechargeable batteries and high temperature and corrosion resistant capacitors reactivated the interest of studies in pegmatite fields around the world, because these rocks supply respectively 25% and 100% of the world consumption in these elements. Research on petrogenetic issues and major and accessory mineral chemistry variations in rare element (REL)-pegmatites of the Borborema Pegmatite Province in Northeast Brazil were tested as tools for the diagnosis of the metallogenetic potential of rare metals in individual pegmatites and in the province as a whole along the last dozen of years. The results allowed to establish the nearly isobaric (3.8 kbar) crystallization conditions of the REL-pegmatites between approximately 580 °C (liquidus) and 400 °C (solidus) from a peraluminous melt saturated in an aquo-carbonic medium to low salinity volatile phase and an immiscible peralkaline flux-enriched (H₂O, CO₂, F, B, Li etc.) melt fraction, based on melt and fluid inclusion studies. Mineral-chemistry data from 30 selected REL-pegmatites in the province allowed to classify three of them as being of the complex-spodumene or -lepidolite subtype in Černý's classification. Both subtypes are supposed to be potentially fertile, (highly fractionated, and with good chances to bear Li- and Ta-ore concentrations). It was also possible to identify several pegmatitic granite intrusions with textural and lithogeochemical characteristics also found in source granites of REL-pegmatite provinces elsewhere. Preliminary chemical Pb/U/Th geochronological determinations in uraninite and xenotyme crystals of these granites indicate an age of 520 ± 10 Ma and match recently published Ar/Ar in mica and U/Pb ages in columbite-group minerals (CGM) of the REL-pegmatites between 509 and 525 Ma. Mineral-chemistry data from grains of the outer zones of the pegmatites do not allow to distinguish potentially fertile from barren pegmatites. This discrimination is possible only if samples of the inner intermediate zone, replacement pockets or quartz core are used. From the tested minerals trace-element determinations (mainly Li, Al, Ti, Ge, B among 14 tested elements) by LA-ICP-MS technique in quartz seem to be more efficient than the classical approach (of Rb, K, Cs, Ga, Sr Ta) in K-feldspar or micas, due to the susceptibility to hydrothermal or supergene alteration of the latter. Mineral-chemistry variations in CGM, tourmalines, garnet and gahnite turned out to be efficient discriminators but all of them have the disadvantage of an eventual and, if present, random distribution, typical for accessory minerals in pegmatites, not allowing a regular sampling in most cases. Additional tests are recommended to confirm respectively the preliminary results of mineral-chemistry as exploration tools on a larger number of pegmatites and geochronological data to confirm the existence of another, older, synorogenetic generation of REL-pegmatites in the BPP.     

安徽绩溪新元古代海底扇沉积环境分析

研究区位于安徽绩溪县杨溪镇,区内主要发育一套新元古代浅变质碎屑岩系,厚度为639.7 m。碎屑岩以泥岩、泥质粉砂岩、砂岩、含砾砂岩和砾岩为主,发育水平层理,粒序层理,韵律层理等沉积构造,可见鲍马层序Ta、Tc、Td、Te段。碎屑组分以跃移组分为主,含量为35%～58%。地层上段厚为254.8 m,包含粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩和粉砂质泥岩,水平层理和粒序层理发育,为中扇-外扇扇叶沉积,中段厚为192.5 m,主要为细砂岩、粉砂岩和泥质粉砂岩,砂岩条带广泛发育,属于中扇水道沉积,下段厚为192.4 m,为一套砾岩层,砾石分选较差,砾岩层间夹有粉砂质泥岩,为上扇水道滞留沉积。总体上,形成一套退积的海底扇沉积序列。     

湘北杨家坪中新元古宇和下古生界的近变质作用与成岩作用

运用伊利石结晶度、K云母晶格常数b0、应变值τ、颗粒大小分布与矿物组合分析等低温变质指示数据对湘北杨家坪剖面中晚元古宇和下古生界的近变质作用和成岩作用进行了研究。Kisch国际标样用于校正伊利石结晶度的测定。中晚元古宇伊利石结晶度Kübler指数范围为:0.21~0.24°Δ2θ,而下古生界为0.28~0.67°Δ2θ。表明近变质作用影响了中晚元古宇和部分下古生界。按照Kisch国际标样的成岩/变质界限(0.21~0.38°Δ2θ,CuKα),将剖面划分为北部近变质带和中南部成岩带。由绿泥石化学成分地质温度计估计近变质峰期温度约为260℃。K云母晶格常数b0值变化范围0.9000~0.9045nm,平均为0.9017nm,表明近变质作用处于中压-中低压力范围。近变质带伊利石(主要是中晚元古宇)的多型为2M1型,而成岩带伊利石(主要是下古生界)的多型为2M1+1M混合类型。平均对数粒度与对数方差之积(GLR)称为对数总成熟效应具有不同的两组分布特征即近变质作用区(GLR1.88)与成岩作用区(GLR1.88),这是一个新的发现。后变质作用的构造应力不仅可产生断层,而且可引起矿物的应变,从而导致衍射峰的宽化,使得近变质带伊利石结晶度值次生变大到成岩值范畴。与剖面南部地区(长沙-澧陵-浏阳,黄土店-仙溪,沅古坪)比较,杨家坪剖面中晚元古宇和下古生界经历了中压-中低压近变质作用和成岩作用的影响。这一结果与多数前人认为的"元古宇板溪群处于绿片岩相或亚绿片岩相或低绿片岩相而震旦到下古生界为沉积盖层"的观点不同。     

Re-assessment of the northern Guinean “Koubia–Lessere unconformity” (KLU): Consequences on the geological correlations throughout West Africa

New radiometric data from recent cartographic projects (2007, 2010) lead to a re-interpretation of the “Koubia–Lessere Unconformity” (KLU). This unconformity is evidenced in the Bassaride Ranges (northern Guinea) and in two western inliers (Tominé and Kemberra). The KLU was previously correlated with the main unconformity (Jbeliat unconformity [JU]) separating the lower “super group 1” from the middle “super group 2” of the large Taoudeni basin. Consequently, the brecciated level (partly glaciogenic) that underlines the “KLU” was correlated with the “tillitic” level located at the base of the super group 2. The latter is linked to the worldwide “Marinhoan” glacial event (650–635 Ma). However, 32 recently published U/Pb age data on detrital or new formed zircons show clearly that the Bassarides groups (ante KLU), deformed and slightly metamorphosed by the Panafrican-II orogen, belong to the super group 2 of the Taoudeni basin. Consequently, the overlying “Koubia–Lessere unconformity” (KLU) cannot be linked to the “Jbeliats unconformity” (JU) that separates the super groups 1 and 2 in the Taoudeni basin. The KLU is younger than the Panafrican-II orogen and probably younger than the last volcanic basaltic flows (492 Ma) outcropping in the Bassaride belt. Consequently, the glaciogenic levels that outcrop in the KLU should be distinguished from the numerous “Marinhoan” glacial levels of West Africa. This new KLU interpretation implies some important changes in the stratigraphic correlations and interpretations all over the West African domain.     

塔里木盆地新元古代裂谷盆地层序样式

塔里木盆地是位于Rodinia超大陆边缘的小陆块,随着新元古代Rodinia超大陆裂解,在塔里木盆地周边和内部形成了大量裂谷盆地,通过对裂谷体系的演化和地层充填特征研究,对认识Rodinia超大陆的裂解过程具有重要意义。按照盆地动力学、层序地层学和沉积学等理论为指导,以露头、钻井和地震剖面为基础,进行不整合面、层序地层和沉积相研究,探讨层序样式及控制因素,分析塔里木盆地和扬子盆地裂谷演化过程的差异。塔里木盆地新元古代南华系—震旦系为1个一级层序,由两个一级不整合界面限定——Td(南华系/前南华系基底)和T1(震旦系/寒武系),其中Td界面为塔里木运动导致,即新元古代早期—中期Rodinia大陆裂解作用开始,而T1界面与塔里木板块内部表现为垂直上升作用的柯坪运动有关。按照裂谷盆地演化的三个阶段——快速裂陷期、稳定沉降期和裂谷萎缩期,分为3个二级层序。快速裂陷期为二级层序SQ1,发育大量小型地垒—地堑盆地,水体由浅变深,发育滨浅海相—河流—三角洲等沉积;稳定沉降期为二级层序SQ2,盆地连通性加强,形成统一的盆地,发育滨岸—三角洲—浅水陆棚—盆地相;裂谷盖处于裂谷萎缩阶段,受地幔柱冷却,地壳回弹影响,断裂活动减弱并逐渐停止,地层向隆起上超,地层分布范围广,主要发育碳酸盐岩台地相,该阶段构成二级层序SQ3。受到海平面变化、冰川和气候等因素控制,发育13个三级层序,其中冰期发育冰碛岩—盖帽碳酸盐岩的一类特殊三级层序。南华纪末期的Marinoan冰期是全球冰期事件,相应在中国南方扬子地区发育典型的南沱组冰碛岩和陡山沱组白云岩的组合,而塔里木盆地库鲁克塔格地区为特瑞爱肯组冰碛岩之上直接覆盖了扎摩提克组的粉砂岩地层,不发育盖帽碳酸盐岩。这和裂谷体系演化有关,塔里木裂谷盖形成的滞后了约70Ma,冰碛岩沉积之后,水体快速加深,碎屑物质供给充足,没有适合碳酸盐岩的生长环境。通过新元古代裂谷盆地的结构样式和层序地层研究,对认识新元古代构造、沉积环境,和烃源岩、储层的分布等具有重要在指导意义,而不同盆地之间大陆裂解响应过程的差异也是值得深入研究问题。     

The Neoproterozoic continental rift magmatism of the eastern Jiangnan orogen: new evidence from the mafic sheets in northern Zhejiang Province,South China

Massive mafic sheets were recently recognized intruding the Neoproterozoic strata in Fuyang area, eastern Jiangnan orogen. Geochronological, geochemical, and isotopic studies were carried out to understand their mantle source, crust–mantle interaction, and tectonic setting. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon data indicate that the sheets were generated at 808 ± 7 Ma. The mafic sheets consist of two groups: high Ti and low Ti. They are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE; 3.3–5.3 ppm) and show negligible Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.77–1.12). They also have strong large-ion lithophile element (LILE; Sr, K, Rb, Ba) enrichment, moderately strong high-field-strength element (HFSE) enrichment (except for Nb-Ta depletion), and positive εNd(t) (5.1–9.1). Geochemical and isotopic data indicate that the mafic sheets were generated from a depleted asthenospheric mantle source. The high-Ti mafic sheets have higher HFSE contents and less Nb-Ta depletion than the low Ti series, indicating a lower degree of partial melting and crustal contamination. The mafic sheets grew in a within-plate setting, concurrent with the ~820–750 Ma rifting events in the eastern Jiangnan orogen. They are likely related to the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent.     

滇西北石鼓岩群新元古代变质基性岩锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

滇西北石鼓岩群位于羌塘-三江造山系中咱-中甸地块南缘丽江地区石鼓-巨甸一带,石鼓岩群变质岩系中发育的新元古代变质基性岩是Rodinia超大陆裂解的重要构造-岩浆记录。通过对石鼓岩群中的变质基性岩岩石学、地球化学的研究表明,其主要为大洋拉斑玄武岩,具有介于EMORB与OIB之间的地球化学特征,岩浆起源于富集地幔区,是尖晶石地幔橄榄岩部分熔融的产物,并经历了地壳的混染作用。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明石鼓岩群变质基性岩形成于新元古代中期(833.9±3.5Ma),时代与扬子陆块西缘大量分布的新元古代岩浆岩一致,其形成可能与该时期的地幔柱活动有关。     

燕山地区新元古界龙山组微体化石新材料

对采自燕山地区新元古界龙山组泥页岩进行化学浸解和筛析,获得大量微体化石,主要包括:Leiosphaeridia,Trachysphaeridium,Satka,Favososphaeridium,Tanarium,Siphonophycus,Oscillatoriopsis,Laminarites等。化石组合特征为:(1)以单球类-复球类化石分子为主,纹饰复杂;(2)小型具刺疑源类化石大量出现;(3)多细胞生物占有一定的数量。新的化石资料进一步丰富了龙山组微体化石的内容,也为区域地层对比提供了新的古生物依据。     

江苏北部新元古界贾园组和赵圩组的微古植物群及其地层意义

对采自江苏北部铜山县新元古界贾园组上部的灰色中厚层砂泥质灰岩、粉砂质灰岩和赵圩组下部的青灰色厚层灰岩中的微古植物群样品，进行了以浸解法为主，辅以磨片法的研究，共发现14属、19种，其中有1新属、2个新种。研究结果表明,贾园组和赵圩组的微古植物群虽属、种较少，但化石体的纹饰较复杂、结果明显。就其微古植物组合特征看，它与我国北方新元古界的化石组合有较大差别，而更近似于我国南方前震旦系的南华系（扬子系）上部的微古植物组合，地质时限为距今740Ma-700Ma之间。     

苏北新元古代魏集组毫米级碳质压膜化石

新近在苏北笔州市铜山县新元古代魏集组页岩中采集的一批毫米级碳质压膜化石，包括2种形态：圆形和肾形，属于广泛分布于世界各地元古代地层的Chuarid-Tawuid类型化石，其构造相当简单原始，代表了比震旦系陡山沱组化石生物群更石老的生命类型。