准线形对流系统中强度-速度负相关性的特征研究

准线形对流系统(如飑线、弓形回波)是常见的强对流性系统,伴随它出现的一般是大风、旋风甚至冰雹等严重的灾害性天气现象.弓形回波有的是由一个单体产生的,也有嵌套在飑线或其他线形系统中,作为整个线形回波的一个部分.弓形回波能在很长的带上产生灾害性的直线风.在我们的研究中发现,准线形对流系统中,反射率因子(R)和径向速度(V)之间存在一定的负相关性,对发生在中国东部地区(24.5°-34.29°N,116.01°-119.52°E)的16个个例进行统计分析,发现在这些系统中都存在这种R-V负相关的特征,负相关的程度随高度有规律性的变化.通过对2006年6月29日个例的风场分析证实这种特征确实存在.对流系统与雷达射线方向接近垂直时,R-V负相关特征明显,这是因为该方向上,观测到的径向速度近乎等于实际风速,数值最大;而因垂直运动造成的水平风速减小并不因探测位置的不同而有很大变化.文中通过分析,推断R-V的这种负相关性与准线形系统中对流的强弱、中层径向辐合的强弱以及后向入流都有很大的关系.     

隧道地震反射法超前预报

利用隧道垂直地震剖面所得到的负视速度同相轴,用此作为识别来自隧道施工掌子面前方界面的反射波标志．然后利用这一标志推演出反射界面的空间位置与产状,达到超前预报的目的．     

Recreational fishing and boating: Are the determinants the same?

The research uses household survey data collected from 656 people in Townsville (adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef, Australia) within a hurdle model to investigate key factors influencing both the probability of participating and the frequency of (a) boating trips which involve fishing; (b) boating trips which do not involve fishing; and (c) land-based fishing trips. The findings suggest that there are differences in determinants, highlighting the importance of disaggregating the fishing/boating and boat/land-based experience (an uncommon practice in the literature) if wishing to obtain information for use in the design of monitoring programs, policy and/or for developing monitoring and enforcement strategies relating to fishing and boating.     

大兴安岭林区负地闪电荷源的反演

在中国东北大兴安岭林区进行了基于全球定位系统(GPS)时间同步的闪电地面电场变化多站观测.利用2010年7月14日一次过境雷暴多站同步的闪电电场变化资料,采用非线性最小二乘拟合法对雷暴成熟阶段的15次负地闪(包含57次回击和8次连续电流过程)中和的电荷源进行了拟合.大兴安岭林区负地闪单次回击中和的电荷量平均为1.0C(范围为0.1-5.0C),20%的继后回击中和电荷量大于首次回击,继后回击与首次回击中和电荷量的比为0.1-6.1,平均为0.8±1.0.单次连续电流中和的电荷量平均为3.8C(范围为0.4-7.3C),连续电流期间通道中的平均电流估计为25.3A(范围4.9-50.8A),一次负地闪中和的总电荷量平均为6.4C(范围为1.4-12.4C).负地闪回击和连续电流中和电荷源的高度分布与雷暴云的发展有关,对应的环境温度为-10--25℃.在雷暴成熟阶段前期,负地闪回击和连续电流中和电荷源距地面的高度从5.0km缓慢上升至10.5km;在雷暴成熟阶段后期,负地闪回击和连续电流中和电荷源距地面的平均高度从9.0km下降到6.0km,单次回击中和的电荷量也较前期减小约一个量级.与雷达回波的叠加显示,负地闪回击和连续电流中和的电荷源主要位于大于40dBz的强对流中心区,部分位于30-40dBz的强回波区边缘或较弱的回波区.     

堆载下单桩负摩阻力工作性状非线性数值分析

利用三维非线性数值方法对一算例在堆载作用下桩侧负摩阻力进行了计算分析。计算结果揭示了摩擦型、端承型桩负摩阻力工作性状的异同;分析了堆载速度、桩顶荷载对负摩阻力的影响:堆载越快,负摩阻力越小;在无桩顶荷载作用下,由负摩阻力引起的下拉荷载最大,可视为常规方法设计的上限值;桩顶荷载与堆载施工顺序对负摩阻力的影响也很大,先施加桩顶荷载,后进行堆载所产生的负摩阻力最大,反之最小。     

Structure de socle,sismostratigraphie et héritage structural au cours du rifting au niveau de la marge d'Ifni/Tan-Tan (Maroc sud-occidental)

Seismic reflection profiles from the Ifni/Tan-Tan Atlantic margin of southern Morocco, interpreted in the light of well data and field geology from the Western Anti-Atlas, allowed us to establish the seismostratigraphic framework of the syn-rift series and to reveal (i) a compressional structural style in the pre-Triassic basement similar to that established in the adjacent outcropping onshore basement but with an opposed western vergence, (ii) the importance of inherited anterior structures in the formation of Triassic-Liassic rift structures and (iii) an east–west propagation of these rift structures. To cite this article: N. AbouAli et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

关于火山岩型铀矿床成矿规律中一些问题的讨论

火山岩型铀矿常位于大的地质构造单元界线附近,特别是稳定区与活动区之间的过渡带上。矿区的基底不仅需有较高的成熟度而且是在火山岩形成前或长期处于隆起状态者。负向火山构造,上叠式或拗凸型上叠式火盆是铀矿田的有利构造形式。红盆对成矿的作用不是古气候方面的而是构造方面的。火山岩型铀矿成矿深度可以较大,而且在垂向上不只一个富集高峰。铀及其主要伴生组份不是来源于赋矿围岩,而是来自基底或更深处。     

肥城矿区水资源分析及其调水概念模型设计

本文从水资源保护利用的角度,提出了＂负水＂和＂压郁水＂的概念,通过对肥城矿区水资源量的评价和矿井涌水量的研究,认为,肥城矿区水资源潜力很大;通过对矿井水水质的评价,认为：肥城矿区＂压郁水＂水量大,直接排放将成为影响环境的＂负水＂。针对肥城矿区＂压郁水＂的现状,通过改造塌陷坑,利用生物净水技术,并结合地下水和地表水联合调...     

Evaluation of urban underground space resources using a negative list method: Taking Xi’an City as an example in China

Utilization of urban underground space has become a vital approach to alleviate the strain on urban land resources, and to optimize the structure and pattem of the city. It is also very important to improve the city environment, build livable city and increase the capacity of the city. Based on the analysis of existing evaluation methods and their problems, a method for evaluating underground space resources based on a negative list of adverse factors affecting underground space development is proposed, to be primarily used in urban planning stages. A list of the adverse factors is established, including limiting factors, constraining factors and influencing factors. Taking Xi’an as an example, using a geographical information system platform, a negative list of adverse factors for the underground space resources in Xi’ an City are evaluated, and preventive measures are proposed. Natural resources, exploitable resources, and the potential growth of exploitable underground space resources are evaluated. Underground space assessment in the different development stages of the city, collaborative utilization and safety evaluation for multiple subsurface resources, environmental impact and assessment, as well as evaluation methods based on big data and intelligent optimization algorithms are all discussed with the aim of serving city planning and construction.     

Rotation and dilation deformation mechanisms for auxetic behaviour in the α-cristobalite tetrahedral framework structure

 Analytical expressions are derived for the Poisson's ratios associated with a three-dimensional network of regular, corner-sharing tetrahedra in which: (1) the tetrahedra are assumed to be rigid and free to rotate relative to each other; (2) the tetrahedra are assumed to maintain shape and orientation but are free to change size (dilate); (3) tetrahedral rotation and dilation are assumed to act concurrently. The structure has a primitive unit cell containing four tetrahedra and is analogous to the molecular structure of α-cristobalite. Strain-dependent variations in Poisson's ratio are also predicted by the models. For deformation due to tetrahedral rotation the network is found to exhibit negative Poisson's ratios in each of the three principal directions, with the magnitude of the Poisson's ratio being dependent on the angle of rotation of the tetrahedra. The behaviour of the Poisson's ratio is isotropic in the transverse plane, but anisotropic elsewhere. In the dilation model negative Poisson's ratios equal to −1 are observed for uniaxial loading in any of the principal directions, with the value being constant irrespective of tetrahedral size. The model for concurrent tetrahedral rotation and dilation allows positive as well as negative Poisson's ratios, with the values determined by the framework geometry and relative strengths of the two mechanisms. The concurrent model also offers a design route to materials and structures having ultrahigh Young's moduli. Received: 15 February 2000 / Accepted: 1 October 2000