现代地球系统科学——可持续发展战略的科学基础

人类的发展战略正在发生根本性地转变,用可持续发展战略代替以传统工业为基础的发展战略已成为国际社会的共识。讨论了现代地球系统科学及其与可持续发展的关系等问题,认为在现代地球系统演变过程中,全球环境是基础,人类圈为主导;现代地球系统科学是可持续发展战略的科学基础;实施可持续发展战略必须协调人类圈和全球环境的关系等。     

Analysis of food retail patterns in urban,peri-urban and rural settings: A case study from Lebanon

Existing evidence on food retail expansion in developing countries is largely based on cross-country studies. This may be excellent to provide general pictures but less relevant for development planners to tailor context-specific interventions. We apply a meso-level analysis to address three questions: (i) Are modern food retail formats impeding the expansion of the traditional ones? (ii) What is the pattern of food retail expansion into urban, peri-urban, and rural areas? (iii) What factors influence observed food retail patterns? The study was carried out within the geographic landscape of Lebanon, a commercial link between the Middle East and Europe. Historical analysis shows increased growth both in the modern and traditional food retail sales, with the former modestly outpacing the latter. However, data from the last five years indicate the gap being reduced to 2 percentage points, displaying a clear leveling-off as compared to the preceding decade. Thus, we find insufficient evidence to conclude that modern food retail formats are definitively replacing traditional ones. An extremely high spatial disparity in food retail concentration is observed across governorates and districts, suggesting a need for flexible policies for viable food system development in various contexts. Expansion of modern food retail formats is limited by geography or socioeconomic groups, while traditional formats are equally present in urban, peri-urban and rural settings, including high poverty areas. This suggests a need for recognizing the latter as alternative institutions to address specific needs of consumers, particularly in poorer neighborhoods or rural areas. The findings are relevant for international, regional, and domestic food retailers to understand food retail patterns in Lebanon, for development planners to tailor specific interventions in areas where food establishments are least developed, and for researchers to investigate the impact of such patterns on nutritional transformations among the Lebanese urban, peri-urban and rural populations.     

Sulfur isotopic composition of modern seafloor hydrothermal sediment and its geological significance

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华北克拉通丰镇碳酸岩中榴辉岩捕虏体岩石学研究:现今板块体制古元古代开始启动证据

关于现今板块构造体制何时启动是目前地球科学研究的焦点问题。本文在原报道的古元古代丰镇火成碳酸岩中发现的榴辉岩捕虏体基础上,开展了详细的岩石学研究。该榴辉岩捕虏体分为两种类型:即相对富石榴石的Fz-2和贫石榴石的Fz-16,它们产于同一地点,且具有相同的矿物成分和结构构造特征。Xu et al.(2018)的研究表明该捕虏体具有1839±26Ma和1766±7Ma的独居石U-Th-Pb年龄且具有大洋辉长岩原岩的全岩成分特征。本文通过进一步的岩相学研究发现该榴辉岩至少经历了两期变质阶段:M1,角闪石/绿帘石-榴辉岩阶段;M2,硬柱石-榴辉岩阶段。具有放射状裂纹包裹特征的柯英石假象在石榴石变斑晶和基质绿辉石中以包体形式出现。以蓝晶石与黝帘石共存为特征的柱状硬柱石假象,也偶尔以包体形式存在于石榴石中。变斑晶石榴石分为富含包体的核部和比较干净的边部。石榴石从中心到边部具有明显的镁铝榴石含量增加和钙铝榴石含量降低的环带特征,通过相平衡模拟和等值线投图得到其温压范围为2.6~3.7GPa和655~670℃,记录了从M1到M2的近等温增压的进变质过程。通过石榴石边部-绿辉石-蓝晶石-石英的地质温压计计算得到温压条件为3.0GPa、734℃。金红石中的锆含量温度计也给出了相似的温度条件,即在2.6~3.7GPa压力时为601~685℃。石榴石边部的柯石英假象和硬柱石假象支持了M2硬柱石-榴辉岩阶段的存在,这表明丰镇古元古代榴辉岩可能是目前发现的世界上最古老的低温超高压变质岩。同时,我们得到该榴辉岩代表的进变质过程中的地温梯度为216±35℃/GPa,证明至少在~1.8Ga以来代表现今板块构造体制的板块冷俯冲作用就开始启动了。     

城乡一体化现代地籍数据分类与要素编码研究

以江阴市城乡一体化现代地籍管理信息系统为例,在综合分析了当前地籍数据分类和要素编码标准的现状后,提出了城乡一体化模式下现代地籍数据的分类和要素编码标准,最后结合实际的项目应用,总结了该标准的优缺点.     

Quantification strategies for human-induced and natural hydrological changes in wetland vegetation, southern Florida, USA

An accurately dated peat profile from a mixed cypress swamp in the Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park (FSPSP, Florida, USA) has been examined for pollen and spores. The near-annual resolved pollen record shows a gradual shift from a wet to a relatively dry assemblage during the past 100 years. Timing of drainage activities in the region is accurately reflected by the onset and duration of vegetation change in the swamp. The reconstructed vegetation record has been statistically related to pollen assemblages from surface sediment samples. The response range of the FSPSP wetland to environmental perturbations could thus be determined and this allows better understanding of naturally occurring vegetation changes. In addition, the human impact on Florida wetlands becomes increasingly apparent. Superimposed high-frequency variation in the record suggests a positive correlation between winter-precipitation and pollen productivity of the dominant tree taxa. However, further high-resolution analysis is needed to confirm this relation. The response range of the FSPSP wetland to environmental perturbations on both annual- and decadal-scales documented in this study allows recognition and quantification of natural hydrological changes in older deposits from southwest Florida. The strong link between local hydrology and the El Niño Southern Oscillation makes the palynological record from FSPSP highly relevant for studying past El Niño—variability.     

城乡一体化“现代地籍”建设关键问题研究

论文分析了现行地籍管理信息系统中存在的问题和发展趋势,对现代地籍的概念进行界定和阐述,进而研究探讨了城乡一体化“现代地籍”建设过程中的一些关键技术问题,并总结出可行的解决方案。     

电离层声重波扰动的高频无线电诊断

为了充分发挥现代数字式电离层探测仪在电离层结构与优动研究中的潜力,必须在传统的频高图真高换算的基础上,发展新的反演理论和算法.本文介绍了随时空缓变的各向异性电离层介质中无线电波包传播的广义射线方程组,讨论了计算波包射线几何路径以及计算波包参数,如频移、波矢、群时延等沿射线路径变化的传播正问题,并详细讨论了根据波包参量的测定值反演介质结构和扰动伏态的传播反问题.文中若干实验实例表明,这种反演理论和算法可用于数字式电离层探测仪记录的分析,它使高频无线电波探测技术成为研究全球电离层声重波一类扰动的有力工具。     

青藏高原腹地现代植物δ~(13)C空间分异反映的环境信息

对研究区植被碳同位素组成进行分析,该区高山嵩草样δ~(13)C值在-25.63‰～-27.95‰之间,平均值-26.63‰;高寒草原区混合样δ~(13)C值于-26.29‰～-27.73‰之间,平均-27.04‰。高山嵩草样总体呈现由南东往北西方向正偏趋势,与高原夏季风运移方向一致(r=0.44603,n=29,p<0.05);研究区北部高寒草原区混合植物样则更明显的指示了研究区由南向北干旱化的趋势(r=0.8112,n=5,p<0.1)。现代植物碳同位素组成是特定环境影响的结果,在研究区内的变化趋势,则被认为是主要受降水环境影响的结果。成规律展布的区域降水条件与地理位置耦合,建立高原腹地地表植物碳同位素组成与其地理位置的相关。同时通过对该区碳同位素组成的研究反映控制植被生长发育的环境信息。     

Stress field analysis at the El Teniente Mine: evidence for N–S compression in the modern Andes

There is a large database of triaxial stress measurements at the El Teniente Mine, Central Chile, but the complex geology, severe topography, and proximity of all measurements to extensive mining excavations made interpretation of the stress field difficult. The measurements were analyzed using three-dimensional numerical stress analysis and decomposition of the stress field into gravitational and tectonic components. By removing gravitational stresses plus local effects from the tectonic component of the stress field a calculation of the far-field tectonic stress tensor is made. It is shown that variations in the tectonic component of stress are related to shear zones cutting through the mine. The far-field major principal component of the tectonic stress field was found to be oriented approximately N–S. This is consistent with the most recent direction of local shortening based on kinematic analysis of faults, but is perpendicular to the direction of regional crustal shortening. There appears to be a limiting envelope to the magnitude of the stress field implying that the shear zones are in a state of limiting equilibrium with regional tectonic driving forces.