Processes Causing the Temporal Changes in Si/N Ratios of Nutrient Consumptions and Export Flux during the Spring Diatom Bloom

Two processes are generally explained as causes of temporal changes in the stoichiometric silicon/nitrogen (Si/N) ratios of sinking particles and of nutrient consumption in the surface water during the spring diatom bloom: (1) physiological changes of diatom under the stress of photosynthesis of diatom and (2) differences of regeneration between silicon and nitrogen. We investigated which process plays an important role in these changes using a one-dimensional ecosystem model that explicitly represents diatom and the other non-silicious phytoplankton. The model was applied to station A7 (41°30′ N, 145°30′ E) in the western North Pacific, where diatom regularly blooms in spring. Model simulations show that the Si/N ratios of the flux exported by the sinking particles at 100 m depth and of nutrient consumptions in the upper 100 m surface water have their maxima at the end of the spring diatom bloom, the values and timings of which are significantly different from each other. Analyses of the model results show that the differences of regeneration between silicon and nitrogen mainly cause the temporal changes of the Si/N ratios. On the other hand, the physiological changes of diatoms under stress can hardly cause these temporal changes, because the effect of the change in the diatom's uptake ratio of silicon to nitrogen is cancelled by that in its sinking rate.     

海南清澜港水母暴发期间浮游生物生态特征研究

自2010年12月-2011年5月,调查研究了海南清澜港海域的浮游生物群落特征,重点跟踪监测了2011年5月黄斑海蜇(Rhopilema hispidum)暴发期间海水营养盐水平及浮游生物群落结构变化。通过样品分析,共鉴定出浮游植物111种(变种和变型),细胞密度范围为(2.25×104)-(8.19×108)cells/L,浮游动物36种,丰度范围为19.39-25798.74ind/L,其中浮游动物以桡足类为优势种群,浮游植物以硅藻为主要优势种。在水母暴发期间浮游植物以热带骨条藻(Skeletonema tropicum)为主,浮游动物以桡足类为主。清澜港养殖区为水母水螅体提供生长发育的环境和水母暴发前期浮游植物大量增殖,为浮游动物提供充足的食物,在一定程度上促进了水母的暴发。     

A niche model to predict Microcystis bloom decline in Chaohu Lake, China

Cyanobacterial blooms occur frequently in lakes due to eutrophication. Although a number of models have been proposed to forecast algal blooms, a good and applicable method is still lacking. This study explored a simple and effective mathematical-ecological model to evaluate the growth status and predict the population dynamics of Microcystis blooms. In this study, phytoplankton were collected and identified from 8 sampling sites in Chaohu Lake every month from July to October, 2010. The niche breadth and niche overlap of common species were calculated using standard equations, and the potential relative growth rates of Microcystis were calculated as a weighted-value of niche overlap. In July, the potential relative growth rate was 2.79 (a.u., arbitrary units) but then rapidly declined in the following months to -3.99 a.u. in September. A significant correlation (R=0.998, P<0.01) was found in the model between the net-increase in biomass of Microcystis in the field and the predicted values calculated by the niche model, we concluded that the niche model is suitable for forecasting the dynamics of Microcystis blooms. Redundancy analysis indicated that decreases in water temperature, dissolved oxygen and total dissolved phosphorus might be major factors underlying bloom decline. Based on the theory of community succession being caused by resource competition, the growth and decline of blooms can be predicted from a community structure. This may provide a basis for early warning and control of algal blooms.     

秦皇岛入海河流的污染水平、排放特征及对褐潮暴发区生源要素的影响

为查明秦皇岛近海大面积褐潮连年暴发的成因,在2013年3—11月对该地区主要入海河流和沿岸褐潮暴发区的生源要素污染进行了连续调查研究。调查结果表明,所调查入海河流普遍为劣V类地表水,总氮(TN)超标严重,按照氮污染程度由高到低排列依次为大蒲河洋河戴河石河汤河东沙河。各河流中的碳、氮、磷、硅等污染物浓度在时间变化上没有统一规律。基于综合污染指数法的评价结果显示,大蒲河和洋河为重度污染,戴河和汤河从先前的轻度污染加重为中度污染。从污染物入海量上看,TN和化学需氧量(COD)是排放量最高的两种河源污染物,其中溶解态氮占TN的74.6%。在所调查河流中,洋河和大蒲河分别贡献了TN的38.2%和33.2%,同时大蒲河还贡献了75.8%的活性磷酸盐和37.7%的活性硅酸盐,而75.9%的COD来自汤河、洋河和大蒲河。秦皇岛河源污染物排放在时间上较为集中在6—9月的丰水期,但各河流单独的排放具有随机性,没有统一的季节性规律,表现出受人为调控影响明显的特点。秦皇岛沿岸褐潮暴发区的生源要素变化与河源污染物排放有显著性相关(P=0.05)。     

SeaWiFS探测1997年闽南赤潮模型研究

在１９９７年秋季厦门附近海域微吓灌赤潮水体现场反射光谱测量的基础上,根据对ＳｅｓＷｉＦＳ可见光范围内各波段离水辐射率变化的分析,提出３、４、５波段离水辐射率差值（Ｌｗ５＋Ｌｗ３－２Ｌｗ４）〉Ｃ模型,用它计算了１９９７年１１月和１２月 潮时相的ＳｅａＷｉＦＳ图象,结果和赤潮发生的实际状况一致。     

利用卫星遥感技术监测赤潮的研究

赤潮灾害的频繁发生，给海洋生态环境和海洋渔业经济造成了严重危害。卫星遥感技术的不断完善，为快速、有效地动态监测赤潮灾害提供了可能，通过卫星图片的校正、合成、分析、解释、判断分析，可以迅速连续地掌握赤潮的发生状况，对于研究防控和治理赤潮灾害有着十分重要的意义，本文就如何利用卫星遥感技术监测赤潮进行了探讨。     

赤潮影响因素研究进展

通过对赤潮发生的生物、化学、物理等影响因素研究现状的分析,认为赤潮生物是引发赤潮的内在因素,化学因素是赤潮发生的物质基础,而物理因素则是提供赤潮发生的环境条件。在赤潮生物存在的前提下,化学和物理因素都可以限制赤潮的发生,所以,将生物学、化学与物理海洋学耦合仍旧是赤潮研究需要解决的问题。在分析了现有研究状况的基础上,从不同角度提出了赤潮的研究方向。     

太湖蓝藻水华暴发机制与控制对策

湖泊蓝藻水华暴发由于引发水生态系统的灾害和饮用水安全风险而成为国内外研究的热点之一.太湖蓝藻水华暴发原因多样,其中蓝藻自身的特性是水华暴发的内因,太湖的地理、水文和气象特征为蓝藻水华暴发提供了合适的温度和水动力条件,是蓝藻水华暴发的外因,湖泊草-藻型生态系统的转变以及氮、磷营养盐的高负荷输入更利于蓝藻生长,湖泊氮、磷营养盐四重循环是蓝藻水华不断暴发的维持机制,蓝藻水华暴发与氮、磷营养盐浓度之间存在交互作用关系.太湖蓝藻水华的控制应以陆源控源截污为基础,增加湖泊营养盐输出为重点,实现疏堵有机结合,其中恢复水生植被,重建草-藻结合型水生态系统是太湖湖泊生态修复的关键所在.     

一种棕囊藻的形态特征与毒素分析

于１９９７年１１月,在广东省汕头地区饶平县海面采集棕囊藻,采用显微观察和光谱分析方法,进行形态特征与毒素结构的研究。结果表明,该种藻具有两处不同的藻体形态：一种是不运动的球形群体,外具胶质被,群体内的细胞有近千至数万个,每个细胞有２－３个黄褐色的叶绿体;另一种是游动的单细胞,具有两根几乎等托的鞭毛和一根短的定鞭丝,常呈球形,将反复冻融或冷冻干燥的藻细胞经有机溶剂提取,用新鲜牛血球测定显示出强的溶血     

小球藻和铜绿微囊藻的高浓度Chl-a高光谱定量模型

本研究将地物高光谱遥感技术应用于室内实验,从而得到小球藻和铜绿微囊藻的高光谱特征.通过多种半经验方法,如单波段、波段比值和微分法,建立了两藻种最优的Chl-a高光谱定量模型,并与室外情况进行了对比.结果表明:小球藻的最优定量模型为Chl-a=174.6 1138292(R703) 2.3(109[(R703)]2(p＜0.01),相应的方法适宜性为:一阶微分法＞单波段法＞波段比值法;铜绿微囊藻的最优定量模型为Chl-a=5299164(R757)1.9773(p＜0.01),相应的方法适宜性为:单波段法＞波段比值法＞一阶微分法;从高光谱特征来看,小球藻在540 nm和700 nm附近存在明显的特征波峰,其位置随Chl-a浓度增大而向长波方向偏离,铜绿微囊藻在530 nm、660 nm和700 nm附近存在3个较强的特征波峰,在610 nm和680 nm附近存在明显的波谷;与以往室外研究不同的是铜绿微囊藻的反射率在400-500 nm之间的R值并不低,是因为没有非藻类颗粒物的影响,总吸收明显降低.