黄河源径流演变特征及其对降水的响应

采用1960-2012年黄河源径流、降水数据,以过程线法、集中度和集中期等方法分析黄河沿以上、黄河沿-吉迈、吉迈-玛曲、玛曲-唐乃亥等4个区段降水、径流的演变特征,并从降水的产流能力、时滞相关和集中期响应等角度分析径流对降水的响应。结果表明：黄河源径流汛期占比年际变化趋势自上游各区段呈不显著的增加-减少-增加-减少的特征。吉迈以上径流量年际变化呈不显著增加,吉迈以下呈减少趋势。各区段径流集中期均有不同程度的提前。下游径流集中期早于上游。黄河源汛期降水占比呈不显著下降趋势。4个区段自上游降水年际变化呈显著增加-显著增加-不显著减少-不显著增加的特征。降水的集中度分布较径流更为集中,且有不显著减少趋势。各区段降水的产流能力在20世纪80年代末至90年代中期出现弱化趋势,中上游在2005年左右降水的产流能力转为较分析时段初期有增强的趋势,而中下游一直较分析时段初期减小。不同区段年径流量与不同统计时段降水量的依存关系不同。黄河源玛曲以上径流相对于降水的集中期滞后天数呈不显著减少,玛曲-唐乃亥滞后天数略有增加。     

A cost path and network analysis methodology to calculate distances along a complex river network in the Peruvian Amazon

Distance is a key variable in explicating environmental, social, and economic conditions and in defining spatial and temporal patterns. Prior research has primarily focused on using simple to complex algorithms for calculating distances along road networks. In contrast, few algorithms are available for distance calculations along fluvial networks which are often more erratic, divergent and transient than road networks. Fluvial transportation is relied upon worldwide, particularly in developing regions, where communities use river networks for transportation, access to natural resources and for trade and commerce. This paper presents a methodology developed for mapping complex fluvial networks for travel distance analysis. The methodology was applied in four major river basins in western Amazonia over some 35,000 km of river length and incorporating 919 communities as origins/destinations. A cost path and network analysis methodology was created using vector and raster datasets in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to assess interactions among communities and the distances traveled by river to reach district capitals, major urban centres and marketplaces. An accuracy assessment using distance values calculated from a previous study using a different methodological approach in the region as well as Google Earth Pro, found a high degree of concordance for distance calculations. Our methodology creates a very flexible approach for complex river systems that can be use to calculate river distances in an adaptive and efficient manner and that can be use in other regions of the world where rural communities must rely on rivers for transportation.     

元江-红河跨境水质环境问题和保护研究

在红河干流不同污染流域,设立5个环境监测断面,同时选定人烟稀少、无工业、自然条件良好的李仙江加禾断面为对照。利用1999～2002年对水质影响大的DO、COD、BOD5、NH 3-N、NO3-N、NO 2-N、Cu、Pb、Cd、T-P、石油类及SS 12项污染物,均在枯、丰、平3个不同水期采样监测,将监测结果做数理统计分析,研究污染物的迁移、转化规律,并得出:出境断面NH 3-N平均含量高达0.18～0.86m gL/,T-P高达0.045～0.315m g/L,SS高达69～3412m gL/,从而提出小流域治理、退耕还林、城市水网改造及控制含磷洗涤剂使用的建议。     

黄河中游砒砂岩地区长川流域植被盖度及其动态分析

应用遥感监测并结合地面实测数据,分析黄河中游砒砂岩地区典型流域——内蒙古长川流域植被盖度及其变化特征。经野外实测数据进行检验植被盖度遥感监测的精度发现,以遥感手段通过植被盖度与归一化植被指数(NDVI)之间关系来估算长川流域植被盖度的精度达到81.3%。长川流域上游地区(北部)植被盖度相对较高,达到40%~70%;沟道两侧也有相对较高的植被盖度,也达到了30%~60%;一般梁峁地植被盖度较低,只有5%~15%。从1983年开始实施的小流域第一期水土流失重点治理和1993年至1997年期间实施的小流域第二期第一阶段水土流失重点治理的效果明显,使得长川流域植被盖度在该期间内大幅度增高。     

辽东栎萌生个体的地上生物量及其构件分配与生长参数的关系

选择岷江上游海拔2100-2300m地段的辽东栎萌生株个体69株,测定了每株生长参数（年龄、高度、基径、冠幅）、各器官生物量及地上总生物量,分析了各器官生物量及构件分配与生长参数的相互关系。结果表明,辽东栎萌生株构件分配的大小排序为：茎干〉枝〉皮〉叶：随径级增大。茎干、大枝生物量所占总生物量比例上升,其他器官所占比例减小。辽东栎年龄与高度呈S曲线关系,其他均表现出很好的幂指数函数关系;各构件器官生物量与生长参数大多也呈幂指数函数W=aD^h（D为基径）关系。基径为估测辽东栎萌生株地上各器官生物量及总生物量的最佳因子。     

黄河中下游沿线城市水资源利用效率的时空演变及影响因素

采用超效率DEA模型、GIS空间分析方法、动态面板的系统GMM估计方法对2010—2017年黄河中下游沿线城市水资源利用效率时空格局及影响因素进行分析,结果表明:①黄河中下游沿线城市水资源利用效率整体由2010年的0.70波动下降为2017年的0.67,且区域内70%以上的城市水资源利用效率变动趋势与其一致;②黄河中下游沿线城市水资源利用效率呈"U"型区域两侧相对较高,中间区域相对较低的空间分布态势,且空间分布重心始终位于地理重心的北方;③环境规制、经济发展水平、产业结构优化、技术水平对水资源利用效率呈显著正向影响,农田水利设施建设、城镇化对水资源利用效率呈显著负向影响。研究结论可为黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展的推进提供决策支持。     

汾河流域城乡聚落体系发展潜能测度及空间模式探究

以11 188个自然聚落斑块为研究对象,基于场强模型,定量测度汾河流域城乡聚落体系发展潜能,借助GIS技术和地理探测器模型,分析其空间格局特征及驱动因素,进而探讨流域城乡融合发展空间模式。结果表明:①城乡聚落斑块发展潜能差异显著,且空间分布极不均衡;纵向上中游流域高于下游流域高于上游流域,横向上河谷盆地区高于周边缓丘区高于两侧山丘区。②聚落斑块发展潜能具有正向空间自相关性,高值斑块聚类显著;具有空间异质性特征且方向性明显,汾河主河道方向联动效应最强,空间联系最紧密;存在局域热点区,并呈现"主核–廊道–次核"的空间结构形态。③自然基础、社会经济发展水平和区位条件共同影响着城乡聚落体系发展潜质及空间结构形态;融合发展采取非均衡增长路径,市、县、镇、村全局考虑,构建"强化核心点–培育发展轴–扶持特色区–带动全流域"的逐层推进式空间发展模式。     

长三角房价收入比时空演变格局及收敛性研究

房价收入比是衡量房地产健康状况和探测居民住房支付能力的重要指标。以2008—2018年长三角307个区县为研究单元,运用数值-位序法则和趋势面分析对房价收入比的总体分布特征进行探究,利用LISA时间路径分析房价收入比的时空动态性特征,并检验区域房价收入比的收敛性。结果表明： ① 长三角房价收入比总体上呈上升趋势,空间上表现为东高西低、南高北低的格局,上海、浙江、江苏和安徽依次降低。② 上海和浙江南部房价收入比的空间结构更具动态性,而江苏和安徽更加稳定;长三角房价收入比的空间演化整体上具有较强的空间锁定效应和空间整合性。③ 长三角区县房价收入比整体上不存在σ收敛,但各时间段上均存在显著的绝对β收敛,且各省份内部也均存在着俱乐部收敛现象。城市群房价收入比的变动对居民的流动有着重要的指示作用,并具有扩散效应和虹吸效应。加强城市群房地产市场一体化建设,是促进城市群区域一体化发展的有效途径。     

Variation characteristics of evaporation in the Gulang River Basin during 1959-2013

Based on monthly evaporation of two meteorological stations in the Gulang River Basin of China, the inter-annual variation of evaporation during 1959-2013 were analyzed using Mann-Kendall and wavelet analysis. The results demonstrated that the annual evaporation show a fluctuating increase over the past 50 years approximately, with an average increase rate of 4.26 mm per decade. The overall trend was decrease-increase-decrease. According to the cumulative anomaly curve,the turning point of the annual evaporation occurred in 1979, in which the evaporation increased in the early stage and decreased in the later stage. Meanwhile, the seasonal variation of the evaporation shows that it decreased in Spring and Autumn, and increased in Summer and Winter, especially obvious for the later. The evaporation abruptly changed in Spring and Summer in 2008 and in Winter in 1994. In addition, all evaporation increased after the changes. However,the evaporation in Autumn abruptly changed in 1986 and 1999, which show a trend of increase-decrease-increase.Wavelet analysis shows that evaporation in Summer and wet season would decrease in the next few years, and in the other seasons would increase. Based on the aforementioned analysis, it can be concluded that increased evaporation is mainly induced by increase of evaporation in dry season, especially in Winter, and this trend to be continued in the future for the Gulang River Basin.     

Simulating cross-sectional geometry of the main channel in response to changes in water and sediment in Lower Yellow River

Journal of Geographical Sciences - To understand the non-equilibrium morphological adjustment of a river in response to environmental changes, it is essential to (i) accurately identify how past...