海上丝绸之路超大城市空间扩展遥感监测与分析

以海上丝绸之路沿线的11个超大城市为例,基于长时间序列的Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI和HJ-1卫星CCD数据,利用基于面向对象的支持向量机SVM(Support Vector Machine)分类方法提取20世纪70年代到2015年的城市不透水层,并结合景观格局指数—最大斑块指数LPI(Largest Patch Index)、斑块密度PD(Patch Density)和欧几里得最邻近距离ENN(Euclidean Nearest Neighbor Distance)分析了超大城市的发展模式。研究结果表明:基于面向对象的SVM分类方法能够高效提取城市不透水层;平均总精度高于87.9%,平均Kappa系数高于0.87;过去40余年,各超大城市的面积扩张了4—13倍,中国和印度的超大城市扩张最快,广州、上海超过12倍;各城市以"中心—边缘"或"沿海—内陆"的方向扩张,表现为"扩散—聚集—再扩散"的扩张模式;总体来看,沿线的城市化进程仍处于上升期。本研究为建设"21世纪海上丝绸之路"提供了科学依据,对当地生态环境保护和新型城镇化建设具有重要意义。     

The stamp of neoliberalism on the UK tonnage tax and the implications for British seafaring

In 2000 the UK adopted a tonnage tax strategy on ships and related businesses as the main strategy for revitalising its declining shipping industry. In line with EU policy on shipping, UK registered shipping companies were offered fiscal incentives based on reduced corporation taxes while labour was offered support for training. Almost a decade since the introduction of the tax it is clear that the strategy has delivered for business but not for labour. This paper considers the nature and limits of state intervention per se in declining economic sectors in the context of globalisation and a neoliberal approach to governance. It concludes that the problem is often not state intervention but rather the form of intervention, namely one that panders to, and is constrained by, neoliberalism.     

Nautical cartography competences and their effect to the realisation of a worldwide Electronic Navigational Charts database,the performance of ECDIS and the fulfilment of IMO chart carriage requirements

This paper is concerned with the implementation and realisation of a Worldwide Electronic Navigational Charts Database (WEND), adopted by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and its members in supporting marine navigation. It identifies the issue of gaps and overlaps between adjoining Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) and explores its consequences to the operation of Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) and the fulfilment of International Maritime Organization (IMO) chart carriage requirements. As the ENCs production is directly dependent on states’ cartographic competences, this paper delves into the coastal states’ jurisdiction in accordance with international law of the sea, and in particular the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and ΙΗΟ and IMO instruments. Through a case study on recently produced ENCs in the Mediterranean and more specifically in the Aegean Sea, this paper documents the necessity to respect states’ cartographic competences in realising the WEND concept and cautions that, otherwise, new and extended overlaps emerge, which pose a risk to the safety of navigation, and, at the same time, become means through which states may promote their geopolitical aspirations as to jurisdiction over certain marine areas.     

Seafarers' access to jurisdictions over labour matters

The Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 outlines a framework for states to enforce jurisdiction over maritime labour matters, including the Flag State, Port State and Labour Supplying State. However, the Convention does not provide explicit guidance on jurisdiction determination. This article argues that seafarers should have the right to access the jurisdictions of member states, and that future amendment to the Convention should confirm this right. This paper first analyses current theories of maritime labour jurisdiction. Secondly, it conducts a comparative doctrinal analysis regarding adjudicative jurisdiction principles in common law and civil law systems. Thirdly, in three case studies involving concurrence jurisdictions of member states, this article finds that the authority of any single member state is not reliably accessible to seafarers, in particular when the state has no strong link with the seafarers. This article recommends that seafarers’ rights in the Convention to choose one jurisdiction from relevant member states should be confirmed in a future amendment.     

EU marine policy on the move: The tension between fisheries and maritime policy

In the past decade, the European Commission has developed the Marine Strategy Directive and the Maritime Policy. Both policies aim at governing the marine environment; yet the two policies have a differing signature in policy formulation and implementation. From a fisher's perspective these policies present a change in institutional setting; major policy measures no longer descend from the EU Common Fisheries Policy alone, but increasingly are derived from general environmental policy developments. In this paper, the policy arrangement approach is used to analyse the differences between the two maritime policies, and the way in which they can affect fisheries management.     

我国海洋意识教育探究

我国作为海洋大国,拥有广阔的海域和丰富的海洋资源。在全球海洋布局的时代背景下,加快海洋强国建设成为重中之重。国家开展海洋强国建设需要全民海洋意识的全面提升,由此海洋意识教育显得尤为重要。文章根据多年工作经验,从各方面研究数据出发,分析了海洋意识教育的含义以及加强海洋意识教育的重要性。根据我国国民海洋意识调查的现状,从基础教育、高等教育和大众宣传等方面提出了加强海洋意识教育的举措建议。最终得出应加强我国海洋意识教育,建设过硬的海洋人才队伍,以社会主义核心价值观为导向,加快我国海洋强国建设的步伐。     

Integrated management of marine biodiversity in Europe: Perspectives from ICZM and the evolving EU Maritime Policy framework

Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is high on the international agenda for nature conservation. Marine and coastal ecosystems account for an important share of the biological diversity on Earth. As a consequence many international conventions, European legislation and national laws refer to marine biodiversity. The protection of marine biodiversity is a complex legal issue as it requires consideration of geographic (between land and sea), political (between conservation and exploitation), and economic (between fisheries, tourism, intellectual property and many other sectors) factors. Like Matryoshka dolls, marine biodiversity is a heterogeneous notion difficult to address as one discrete area in the development of policy agendas or juridical frameworks. In the past decade, the EU has been very active in Promoting Integrated Coastal Zone Management and in developing a framework for an Integrated Maritime Policy. This article reviews the status of marine biodiversity in the policy and legal initiatives of the European Union, a challenging issue to both the objectives of conservation and to the concept of integration.     

Environmental justice implications of Maritime Spatial Planning in the European Union

This paper examines the implications of environmental justice in the regime for Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) currently developing in the European Union (EU). An ‘ecosystem-based approach’ to marine management is enshrined in the new Integrated Maritime Policy and Marine Strategy Framework Directive and forms the basis of MSP. This concept is intended to encompass all aspects of an ecosystem, including the human element. Yet the modes of including meaningful public participation in the decision-making process for MSP remain undetermined. At the same time, the Aarhus Convention (on access to information, public participation in decision making and access to justice in environmental matters) empowers non-governmental organisations to hold EU Member States to account. Consequently the issue of transparency will gain increased importance, as will linkages between human and environmental rights. Such public interest-based activism on the part of NGOs has the potential to enforce the developing framework for stakeholder engagement within MSP, but it also has implications worth considering regarding the appropriate role of interest-based organisations in the international political arena.     

The geopolitical dimension of maritime security

This article discusses the geopolitical dimension of maritime security, which has been neglected by scholars despite the growing number of studies devoted to a variety of aspects related to maritime security. The first step consists in clarifying the definitions of the two concepts; ‘geopolitics’ and ‘maritime security’. Then the article introduces the geopolitical dimension of maritime security from a conceptual perspective, and then analyses three practical examples of maritime security geo-strategies released in 2014. The results demonstrate that states’ and international institutions’ maritime security objectives and interests are indirectly and directly influenced by geographical and geopolitical considerations, although this link is only tacitly acknowledged in official documents. Scholars and practitioners interested in maritime security are encouraged to further engage with this dimension.     

我国依港管船机制探究

"依港管船"制度的提出是我国对渔船管理模式的探索和创新,也是贯彻落实党的十九大精神,推进海洋生态文明的重要举措。文章通过对"依港管船"制度内涵与外延的阐述,从"依港管船"制度的法理基础与现实需求角度入手,研究其合理性与必要性。并且对国外港口建设与船舶管理制度进行分析,总结出目前日本、美国、韩国、德国等国家实施"依港管船"制度的相似性及主要差异,为我国"依港管船"制度的完善与实施提供了参照。并给出了完善"依港管船"以及"渔港生态"立法;明晰渔港产权制度;强化渔船管理制度建设;建立主管部门驻港管理机制;实行部门执法联动等对策建议。