Error Calculation in Maritime Delimitation between States with Opposite or Adjacent Coasts

The sea boundary between two states with opposite or adjacent coasts is defined by the median line between baselines realized on shore lines. As defined in UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea), every point of the median line must be equidistant from the nearest points on the baselines from which the breadth of the territorialseas of each ofthe two states is measured. The coordinates of breakpoints of the median line are computed based on known coordinates of baseline points on the shores. What is the precision of computed coordinates? Here we study the error propagation on two reference surfaces: (1) plane and (2) sphere. Moreover, four approaches to breakpoint determination are investigated. Algorithms for computation of the covariance matrix of median line breakpoints both on sphere and plane were developed.     

Evidence on target factors used for port state control inspections

Target factors aim at setting criteria to select foreign vessels that should be inspected by port state control authorities. Although a relative consensus exists on the main factors to consider in selecting vessels, the weight to be given to these factors is still unclear. Using data on 26 515 PSC inspections that took place within the Indian Ocean MoU region from 2002 to 2006, we investigate the determinants of the number of deficiencies and of the probability of detention. Our results show that the main contributors to detention are the age of the vessel at inspection (40%), the recognised organization (31%) and the place where the inspection occurs (17%). Also, differences in detention rates amongst various inspecting authorities are essentially explained by differences in the characteristics of vessels calling in a specific country rather than by differences in the way inspections are done.     

Fisheries management at the tri-national border between Belize,Guatemala and Honduras

The Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System has considerably changed after a series of natural disturbances, especially hurricanes and extreme coral bleaching, and is further impacted by anthropogenic threats. Located at a tri-national border between Belize, Guatemala and Honduras, the Sapodilla Cayes Range is specifically impacted by tourism, commercial fishing and other anthropogenic activities occurring in the three countries and by the fact that Belize only claims 3 nautical miles of Exclusive Economic Zone in the south pending a settlement to a border dispute with Guatemala. This area represents a source of income and food to several coastal communities and to Belize's economy. Key fisheries products harvested in the area by the three countries are the same but fisheries legislations and the number of fishermen are different, creating conflicts between fishermen. This paper summarizes the key problems that arise in southern Belizean fishing waters and the efforts made by the three countries to ensure the sustainability of the fishery.     

Ocean governance in a competitive world. The BRIC countries as emerging maritime powers—building new geopolitical scenarios

Owing to their style and economic impact, Brazil, Russia, India and China (the BRIC countries) are destined to become relevant actors in the new ocean governance. The following working hypothesis is sustained: the BRIC countries, due to the potential of their maritime territories, can be considered to be emerging maritime powers capable of displacing some of the historical maritime powers. This would also entail a shift of strategic maritime space towards the southern hemisphere. Other emerging maritime scenarios associated with the BRIC countries include the Russian Arctic, and the Indo-Pacific ocean belt, or “string of pearls”, as it is known. Factors such as competitiveness, maritime leadership and ocean governance are thus placed in a new economic and political context where they might be redefined and adapted to the circumstances of the BRIC block and other emerging countries, the majority of which are subject to demographic pressure and a high degree of poverty. The most relevant conclusions point to the emergence of a new type of neo-navalism, on the one hand—a BRIC version of traditional sea power and, on the other, a possible threat to the EU's Integrated Maritime Policy under pressure from strong competitiveness in a highly internationalised environment, forcing changes in its original approach with its distinct social profiles and commitment to latest generation rights.     

试析制约港口航道测绘发展的若干因素

海事系统港口航道测绘在市场竞争中面临严峻的挑战,这就需要领导干部具有创新意识,职工具有竞争意识,依靠科技力量壮大队伍,同时加强内部管理,建立良好的海测服务机制,使港口航道测绘事业健康发展。从沿海港口航道测绘发展需求的角度探讨正在和可能制约海事系统港口航道测绘进一步发展的几大因素。     

全球气候治理背景下的船舶营运能效评级方法

为共同应对全球气候变化,国际海事组织(IMO)计划制定一套强制性船舶营运能效(碳排放强度)国际机制,与现有强制性船舶设计能效机制互为补充.然而,由于受诸多因素影响,船舶营运能效具有较大的随机性和不确定性,为相关国际机制的构建带来巨大挑战.文中通过构建带有年份虚拟变量的碳强度分位数回归模型,实现了对不同时期海运船队碳排放...     

夏季海洋性大陆区域气候与赤道太平洋中部型海温异常的直接和间接联系

利用1979-2015年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料、美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）的月平均降水资料（CMAP）以及英国哈得来中心海表温度月平均资料,采用2009年Kao等定义的中部型ENSO指数,给出了夏季中部型海表温度（SST）异常指数,并分析了中部型ENSO和海洋性大陆（MC）区域气候的联系。结果表明,当夏季中部型海表温度正异常事件发生时,海洋性大陆核心区域（中太平洋）出现显著降水和气温负（正）异常,此时海洋性大陆核心区域有明显的负（正）热源异常,大气受冷却（加热）而下沉（上升）,同时潜热释放之外的非绝热加热表现为负（正）异常,易于导致降水负（正）异常。海洋性大陆区域与中太平洋间主要通过水平环流和垂直环流建立联系。（1）中部型ENSO指数显著正异常时,在对流层低（高）层,海洋性大陆区域和中太平洋间存在由关于赤道的对称气旋性（反气旋性）环流对而形成的直接联系,并使得海洋性大陆区域东部辐散（辐合）偏弱,而海洋性大陆区域西部辐散（辐合）偏强。（2）在垂直剖面上,赤道中太平洋海表温度的正异常和海洋性大陆核心区域的大气异常冷却有利于促使该地区低层赤道西风异常增强并进而利于中部型海表温度正异常的维持,并由此通过反沃克环流圈促进海洋性大陆区域下沉运动增强。此为海洋性大陆与中太平洋间的直接联系,可由皮叶克尼斯机制进行解释。而位于中太平洋与秘鲁地区的异常垂直环流亦可用这一机制进行解释。海洋性大陆与中太平洋的间接联系主要表现在由赤道外低纬和中纬度地区均存在的沿弧形路径上的垂直环流而建立的海洋性大陆与中太平洋地区的联系上。这些弧形垂直剖面上的垂直环流不仅与局地哈得来环流有关,还与热带和中纬度的罗斯贝波动有关。这些结果有利于深刻认识中部型ENSO对海洋性大陆区域气候的影响机理以及与热带外环流异常的联系。     

Case Study on Naming Disputes of Undersea Features

Base on sorting out the meeting reports of Sub-Committee on Undersea Feature Names (SCUFN), we exposed the historical disputes on naming of Emperor Seamount Chain, Japanese Guyots and Lucky Star Ridge, and discussed the principles and criterions Which are held by SCUF. We made practical recommendations for Chinese government to cope with naming disputes and maintain marine rights and interests.     

夏季印度洋海盆模与MC区域降水异常联系的进一步分析

利用英国哈德莱中心的逐月海表温度资料及NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料等,通过在印度洋海盆模IOBM指数(IIOB)中扣除长期趋势和两类ENSO的同期信号后,得到了修正的IOBM指数(Im IOB),并由此分析了IOBM的变化及与海洋性大陆区域降水异常的联系。结果表明:印度洋IOBM为暖位相时,不同季节的印度洋地区均呈现异常偏暖,但大气是上升还是下沉运动则在印度洋不同季节和不同区域存在很大变化。就夏季而言,印度洋大部分地区存在上升运动,这与海温异常偏暖有关。在北半球夏季,指数Im IOB存在3~5 a的周期变化。当IOBM处于正位相时,印度洋至我国东海地区大范围海温偏暖。MC(Maritime Continent,海洋性大陆)区域西部降水正异常,而MC区域东北部降水为负异常。造成这种降水分布的原因是:当指数为正时,在MC区域的西部对流层低层辐合、高层辐散,上升运动增强,且水汽辐合,而MC区域的东北部对流层低层辐散、高层辐合,上升运动不明显,水汽辐散,不易形成降水。而在对流层低层与西太平洋辐散中心对应,南北半球出现关于赤道对称的反气旋对,赤道印度洋上的异常加热激发东传的Kelvin波,加强东风异常,同时加强了KMC(海洋性大陆的核心区域)之外南北半球热带地区的这对Rossby波型。以上这些结果有利于深刻理解MC降水异常成因及热带海陆气相互作用过程。     

北半球夏季海洋性大陆区域降水与南方涛动联系的年代际变化

利用1960—2016年夏季美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)的月平均降水资料、南方涛动指数SOI以及Niňo3指数资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及英国哈德莱中心海表温度资料,通过相关分析和回归分析,研究了北半球夏季海洋性大陆区域(Maritime Continent,MC)降水与ENSO联系的年代际变化特征。结果表明:MC地区夏季平均降水与SOI指数的相关自1998年后明显减弱。造成这种现象的原因是:南方涛动指数SOI与海温相关系数在太平洋中部为负的大值中心,且1998年之后海温异常呈中部型。这种SSTA强迫造成1998年后大气视热源异常亦偏于赤道太平洋中部,这有利于通过Gill型响应,使菲律宾以东的对流层低层存在明显的反气旋性环流,辐散增强,从而造成赤道以北降水显著减少,抵消了MC区域内南部地区降水的增加,破坏了原有的SOI为正(负)时MC地区平均降水异常增加(减少)的关系。