等式约束的效率分析和一致性检验

利用正定二次型矩阵极值的方法进一步分析等式约束对平差结果的影响,推导出等式约束线性模型的验后单位权方差(中误差)最小值,验证了该值和无等式约束的方差一致性,并将等式约束线性模型的验后单位权中误差最小值作为等式约束的验后单位权中误差限差的基准值。     

Linear irregular wave generation in a numerical wave tank

In the design of any floating or fixed marine structure, it is vital to test models in order to understand the fluid/structure interaction involved. A relatively inexpensive method, compared to physical model testing, of achieving this is to numerically model the structure and the wave conditions in a numerical wave tank. In this paper, a methodology for accurately replicating measured ocean waves in a numerical model at full scale is detailed. A Fourier analysis of the measured record allows the wave to be defined as a summation of linear waves and, therefore, Airy's linear wave theory may be used to input the wave elevation and associated water particle velocities. Furthermore, a structure is introduced into the model to display the ability of the model to accurately predict wave–structure interaction. A case study of three individual measured waves, which are recorded at the Atlantic marine energy test site, off the west coast of Ireland, is also presented. The accuracy of the model to replicate the measured waves and perform wave–structure interaction is found to be very high. Additionally, the absolute water particle velocity profile below the wave from the numerical model is compared to a filtered analytical approximation of the measured wave at a number of time-steps and is in very good agreement.     

1961—2017年广西区域性暴雨过程变化特征

利用1961—2017年广西91个气象观测站逐日降水量资料,通过定义广西区域性暴雨,采用线性趋势计算、低通滤波等方法,统计分析了广西区域性暴雨过程的变化特征。结果表明：广西区域性暴雨过程发生频率较高,全年各月均可有区域性暴雨过程出现,5—8月为多发期,出现次数占全年总数的74.2%;持续天数在5 d以上的区域性暴雨过程主要出现在6—8月,以6月最多。近57 a,广西年及秋季区域性暴雨过程频次呈显著增加趋势,20世纪90年代以来区域性暴雨过程总体偏多、强度偏强,暴雨范围在30站以上的过程明显增多;近10 a秋季过程频次偏多、强度偏强特征尤为明显。     

Analytical investigation of hydrodynamic performance of a dual pontoon WEC-type breakwater

Based on the linear potential flow theory and matching eigen-function expansion technique, an analytical model is developed to investigate the hydrodynamics of two-dimensional dual-pontoon floating breakwaters that also work as oscillating buoy wave energy converters (referred to as the integrated system hereafter). The pontoons are constrained to heave motion independently and the linear power take-off damping is used to calculate the absorbed power. The proposed model is verified by using the energy conservation principle. The effects of the geometrical parameters on the hydrodynamic properties of the integrated system, including the reflection and transmission coefficients and CWR (capture width ratio, which is defined as the ratio of absorbed wave power to the incident wave power in the device width). It is found that the natural frequency of the heave motion and the spacing of the two pontoons are the critical factors affecting the performance of the integrated system. The comparison between the results of the dual-pontoon breakwater and those of the single-pontoon breakwater shows that the effective frequency range (for condition of transmission coefficient K_T < 0.5 and the total capture width ratio η_total > 20%) of the dual-pontoon system is broader than that of the single-pontoon system with the same total volume. For the two-pontoon system, the effective frequency range can be broadened by decreasing the draft of the front pontoon within certain range.     

夏季中国中东部不同历时降水时空分布特征

利用1961~2012年台站逐时降水资料,分析了夏季中国中东部不同历时降水的主要气候分布和长期变化特征,为深入认识其时空变化规律和形成机理奠定基础。分析结果表明,降水事件的平均历时由南向北呈"短—长—短"分布型,华南和北方地区以6 h以下的短历时降水为主;而中部地区(28°N~37°N)6 h以上长历时降水占总降水量60%以上。随着降水历时的增加,小雨事件(0.1~1.0 mm/h)的发生概率降低,中雨事件(1.1~10.0 mm/h)的发生概率升高;大雨、暴雨事件(10.0 mm/h)更易出现在35°N以南历时偏短的降水事件中。1961~2012年,中国中东部总降水量呈"南升北降"的趋势分布,夏季南方大部分地区降水强度、时数和事件数均呈上升趋势;而北方地区降水时数和事件数显著减少,不过降水强度呈增强趋势。中东部降水历时总体呈上升趋势,尤其以我国长江与黄河之间的中部地区变化最为显著。同时,该地区短历时(1~6 h)降水无显著的年代际转折,长历时(6 h)降水的年代际增加是20世纪70年代末至20世纪90年代初降水增多的主要原因。20世纪90年代初期以来,南方地区降水的年代际增多则是长、短降水共同作用的结果,但超过6 h降水的影响范围更广,且影响中心较短历时降水偏北。     

基于改进线性光谱分离模型的植被覆盖度反演

线性光谱分离技术可以有效地提取像元水平上植被或其他端元(影像中的地物)的相对百分比,但是目前该技术在多光谱宽波段影像数据应用中,由于波段数量、波段宽度等的限制,估算精度离定量研究的水平仍有一定差距。鉴于此,本文提出了一种改进的线性光谱分离方法,该方法在对影像进行土地覆盖分类基础上进行分离,一方面同类土地覆盖类型内同种地物的光谱变异相对较小,更有利于端元选取;另一方面,分影像的地物种类数量明显少于整幅影像,更容易满足模型的适用条件,从而突破了波段数量限制,同时使地物光谱分离更具针对性,经过验证,该方法较传统分离方法相比植被覆盖度的反演精度可提高6.4%,用该方法实现了研究区的植被覆盖度的定量反演并对研究区植被覆盖度的空间结构进行了分析。     

线性规划在X波段双线偏振多普勒天气雷达差分传播相移质量控制中的应用

对X波段双线偏振多普勒天气雷达而言,差分传播相移（φ_DP）数据质量是影响雷达应用的关键因素,需要开展其数据的质量控制。首先利用相关系数（ρ_HV）,差分反射率（Z_DR）纹理和差分传播相移纹理特征信息剔除非气象回波,然后采用一种新的方法——线性规划来开展差分传播相移的数据质量控制。比较分析了雷达原始差分传播相移数据经过3、5、7点不同平滑点数对线性规划结果的影响,分析数据表明不同平滑点数对线性规划结果几乎无影响。将线性规划方法应用到北京组网的X波段双线偏振多普勒天气雷达差分传播相移数据质量控制上,结果表明,差分传播相移经过线性规划后,可以有效提升其数据质量,表现在:（1）差分传播相移具有累积递增属性和差分传播相移率（K_DP）的非负属性,与差分传播相移和差分传播相移率应该具备的物理属性一致;（2）可以有效剔除因冰雹等大粒子产生的后向差分传播相移（δ）对差分传播相移的影响,提升其计算差分传播相移率的准确度。      

A NOTE ON THE APPLICATION OF LINEAR WAVE THEORY AT A CRITICAL LEVEL

The purpose of this note is to estimate the accuracy and practical limitations of applying linear theory at a critical level over a realistic range of atmospheric stabilities for an idealized surface terrain. These estimates are made by comparing the results of a linear model with a nonlinear numerical model at a critical level. Essentially similar results are obtained from each model for wave stress, wave breaking height and wave dissipation through the critical level. Because gravity waves can be either evanescent or internal depending on the relative sizes of the Scorer parameter and the wavenumber of the ground surface disturbance, the somewhat paradoxical result develops that wave breaking and non-linearity increase with increasing bulk Richardson number. It is recommended that steady linear wave theory be used in gravity wave drag parameterizations provided near real time profiles of background velocity and temperature are available.     

朝鲜北部及其邻区的新构造运动和现代地形构造的形成

朝鲜北部及其邻区的第四系更新统(Q_1)由玄武岩和碎屑岩互层组成。下更新统玄武岩是在新第三纪上新世广而平坦的侵蚀面上形成的台地型玄武岩。朝鲜北部及其邻区的地形构造是通过下更新统沉积以后发生的新构造运动形成的。朝鲜下更新统和上更新统中的沉积矿产(特别是砂金矿床)普查、开发远景很大。     

瞬变电磁法中两种关断电流对响应函数的影响及其应对策略

关断时间是影响瞬变电磁资料处理和解释质量的一个重要因素 ,也是衡量TEM仪器性能的一个关键参数。提出了一种直接数值校正方案 ,并通过对线性和指数关断电流的校正描述了该方案的实施过程。根据文中提出的方案 ,只要仪器记录了一次场的衰减曲线 ,就可以进行较为精确的校正 ,并不必要假设线性衰减或指数衰减 ,这一结论无论是对TEM的仪器设计还是数据处理都具有重要意义