Experimental study of the instabilities of alongshore currents on plane beaches

A laboratory experiment on alongshore currents was conducted for two plane beaches, with gradients 1:40 and 1:100, to investigate the instability of alongshore currents. Complicated and strongly unstable alongshore current motions were observed. In order to clearly examine the spatial and temporal variations of the shear instability of the currents, digital images from a charge-coupled device (CCD) recorded the deformations of dye batches released in the surf zone. Some essential characteristics of the shear instability were obtained from analyses of images showing the temporal variation of the dye patches.A high-resolution spectral analysis technique (the maximum entropy method, or MEM) was used to analyze the dominant frequency of the observed oscillation, along with the trigonometric regression method for determining the variations of the oscillation strength in the cross-shore direction. The propagation speed of the dye patch was obtained by tracking the movement over time of fixed locations in the dye patch, such as its peak, in the longshore direction. This data was then fitted linearly.Alongshore and cross-shore velocity time series acquired from sensors showed clearly that large-amplitude, long-period (about 50 s or 100 s) oscillations were present for all sensors deployed in the cross-shore direction under regular and irregular wave conditions. The analysis found that the maximum shear wave amplitude was approximately one-sixth of the maximum for the mean alongshore current, and occurred approximately at the position of the maximum of the mean alongshore current for irregular waves. The spatial structure of the shear waves was studied by analyzing collected images of the dye patches. The phase velocity of the meandering movements was obtained by measuring the magnitude of the oscillations of the dye patches in the alongshore direction with respect to time. The results suggest that the propagation speed of the shear instability was approximately one-half to three-quarters of the maximum mean longshore current for both regular and irregular waves.Linear instability analysis theory was applied to the characteristics of alongshore current instability, which suggested that there are two instability modes related to the observed oscillations: the frontshear mode observed for the 1:100 slope, and the backshear mode observed for the 1:40 slope. Theoretical analyses agreed with the experimental results in both cases. The velocity profile of the mean longshore current was found to affect the instability mode significantly, leading to further investigations on the influence of the velocity profiles and to provide support for the above conclusions.     

The effects of reflection coefficient of the harbour sidewall on the performance of floating breakwaters

This paper studies the interaction of linear water waves with a moored floating breakwater with a leeward boundary composed from a vertical wall. This describes a real modelling for the case of ports in contrary to the problems of unbounded domains. It involves the application of a partial reflection boundary condition for this sidewall. In fact, the partial reflection problem in practical application is of great importance in the design of a harbour or breakwater and mainly for short waves. The reflection coefficient of the harbour boundary (sidewall) plays an important role in modifying the performance of the floating breakwater. Moreover, it reduces the resonant peaks appearing inside the ports due to the energy accumulation in an enclosed domain. The effects of the variation of structural parameters of the breakwater on the transmitted wave height are discussed in details for various values of partial reflection.     

辽宁沿海经济带城乡一体化评价分析

城乡一体化是将城市和农村视为一个整体,使城乡协调发展、共同繁荣,城乡差别逐渐消失,最终融为一体的过程。通过构建城乡一体化评价指标体系,采用加权线性和法对辽宁沿海经济带6城市进行城乡一体化综合指数评价。结果表明：大连城乡一体化指数最高;盘锦和营口分列第2位和第3位,葫芦岛、锦州和丹东分别排第4位、第5位和第6位;评价结果表明,城市化水平、人均GDP和非农产业产值比例3项指标与城乡一体化关联度相对较高。     

利用雷达资料选择可播区域

利用雷达回波资料,使用分块法,把整个回波区域划分为小块矩阵,确定各小块可播性,然后把小块矩阵作为稀疏矩阵来处理,采用正交链表存储方式,使用相邻搜索算法,自动找出所有可播区域,并应用c 语言描述该方法的实现算法以及采用的相应数据结构和存储结构,从而解决了使用雷达资料选择可播区的问题。     

Baroclinic Instability in the Generalized Phillips’ Model Part II: Three-layer Model

The nonlinear stability of the three-layer generalized Phillips model, for which the velocity in each layer is constant and the top and bottom surfaces are either rigid or free, is studied by employing Arnol’d’s variational principle and a prior estimate method. The nonlinear stability criteria are established. For com-parison, the linear instability criteria are also obtained by using normal mode method, and the influences of the free parameter, β parameter and curvature in vertical profile of the horizontal velocity on the linear in-stability are discussed by use of the growth rate curves.The comparison between the nonlinear stability criterion and the linear one is made. It is shown that in some cases the two criteria are exactly the same in form, but in other cases, they are different. This phenom-enon, which reveals the nonlinear property of the linear instability features, is explained by the explosive resonant interaction (ERI). When there exists the ERI, i.e., the nonlinear mechanisms play a leading role in the dynamical system, the nonlinear stability criterion is different from the linear one; on the other hand, when there does not exist the ERI, the nonlinear stability criterion is the same as the linear one in form.     

Sorption behavior of nonylphenol on marine sediments: effect of temperature, medium, sediment organic carbon and surfactant

The sorption behavior of nonylphenol (NP, a toxic endocrine disruptor) on marine sediments was studied in detail through a series of kinetic and thermodynamic sorption experiments. The results showed that the sorption reaction of NP on marine sediments reached equilibrium in 1.5 h and that it accorded well with the non-linear Ho-McKay pseudo-second-order model. The sorption isotherms of NP on H₂O-treated sediments could be well described by the Linear isotherm model, while the sorption isotherm on H₂O₂-treated sediments could be well fitted with the Freundlich isotherm model. A positive correlation was found between the distribution coefficient (K_d) and the sediment organic carbon contents. The medium salinity showed a positive relation with the K_d and a negative relation with the dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) enhanced the sorption amount of NP the most, while sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) enhanced it the least. The sorption reaction of NP on marine sediments was a spontaneous, physical, exothermic and entropy-decreasing process.     

基于特征增强和ELU的神经网络建筑物提取研究

近年来,城市发展快速,大量人口奔向城市工作生活,城市建筑物的数量有如雨后春笋般扩张,需要合理地规划城市土地资源,遏制违规乱建现象,因此基于高分辨率遥感影像,对建筑物进行准确提取,对城市规划和管理有着重要辅助作用.本文基于U-Net网络模型,使用美国马萨诸塞州建筑物数据集,对网络模型结构进行探究,提出了一种激活函数为EL...     

腾冲台强震前地电场线性极化特征

分析了位于云南西南部的腾冲地震台自1986年以来的大地电场记录资料, 分别针对4次远强震和中等地方震前的电场极化特征进行了分析。 结果表明, 在地震发生前3个月的时间内, 电场极化逐渐趋于线性, 而不象正常时段时数据分布比较分散。 地震越强, 其线性极化特征出现得越早。 电场异常的方向性与震中方位有一定关系, 但也与震源区的活动断裂走向有关。 综合分析了异常产生的机理, 认为异常可能来自震源, 而震源区构造是信号传播的最佳通道。 电场的震前线性极化异常具有非常典型的短临性, 对未来地震方位及时间预测具有一定的参考价值。     

A second look at western Sinai seif dunes and their lateral migration

Tsoar et al. [Tsoar, H., Blumberg, D.G., Stoler, Y., 2004. Elongation and migration of sand dunes. Geomorphology 57, 293–302.] reported that seif dunes in the western Sinai Desert did not migrate laterally between 1973 and 1999. If the planform sinuosities of the dunes are removed by filtering, spatial averaging, or linear regression, however, it is evident that the dunes did, in fact, migrate laterally roughly 13 m during this 26-year period. The measured migration distance is 1–2 orders of magnitude greater than the rms co-registration error Tsoar et al. determined for the first and last air photos that were used to map the dunes. The western Sinai dunes provide another example demonstrating that linear dunes can migrate laterally, and they illustrate some of the difficulties in documenting systematic lateral motion.Lateral migration of a dune can be important geologically or geomorphologically, even where migration is too slow to detect from repeated topographic surveys. This article explains the wind conditions for the lateral migration of seif dunes in western Sinai and the possible wind occurrences that would not lead to such a migration.     

Linear geophysical inversion via the discrete cosine pseudo‐inverse: application to potential fields

In this paper, we present a methodology to perform geophysical inversion of large‐scale linear systems via a covariance‐free orthogonal transformation: the discrete cosine transform. The methodology consists of compressing the matrix of the linear system as a digital image and using the interesting properties of orthogonal transformations to define an approximation of the Moore–Penrose pseudo‐inverse. This methodology is also highly scalable since the model reduction achieved by these techniques increases with the number of parameters of the linear system involved due to the high correlation needed for these parameters to accomplish very detailed forward predictions and allows for a very fast computation of the inverse problem solution. We show the application of this methodology to a simple synthetic two‐dimensional gravimetric problem for different dimensionalities and different levels of white Gaussian noise and to a synthetic linear system whose system matrix has been generated via geostatistical simulation to produce a random field with a given spatial correlation. The numerical results show that the discrete cosine transform pseudo‐inverse outperforms the classical least‐squares techniques, mainly in the presence of noise, since the solutions that are obtained are more stable and fit the observed data with the lowest root‐mean‐square error. Besides, we show that model reduction is a very effective way of parameter regularisation when the conditioning of the reduced discrete cosine transform matrix is taken into account. We finally show its application to the inversion of a real gravity profile in the Atacama Desert (north Chile) obtaining very successful results in this non‐linear inverse problem. The methodology presented here has a general character and can be applied to solve any linear and non‐linear inverse problems (through linearisation) arising in technology and, particularly, in geophysics, independently of the geophysical model discretisation and dimensionality. Nevertheless, the results shown in this paper are better in the case of ill‐conditioned inverse problems for which the matrix compression is more efficient. In that sense, a natural extension of this methodology would be its application to the set of normal equations.