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281.
Sheet flows occur widely in natural free-surface flows including rivers in flood, tidal estuaries and coastal waters in storm conditions when bed shear stress becomes sufficiently high. Particle volumetric concentration in sheet flows normally follows a linear distribution with the Rouse [Rouse H. Modern conceptions of the mechanics of fluid turbulence. Trans ASCE, 1937;102:463–543] distribution applicable in the dilute water column above the sheet-flow layer. However, a well-verified formula for determining particle velocity distribution in sheet flows is still lacking. This paper presents formulas to describe the particle velocity profile in steady or oscillatory sheet flows. They compare well with measured data. In particular, the novel formula for determining the particle velocity at the top of bedload–sediment-dominated sublayer in sheet flows is also well verified with measured data. 相似文献
282.
通过在使用全站仪测图的实践,总结出一些处理细部测量中控制点不通视的作业方式、操作经验、数据处理方法,很有现实操作意义. 相似文献
283.
Optimal dispersion and central places 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper presents research into optimal dispersion models as applied to central places. The literature regarding location
optimization and central places is reviewed and the motivation for employing dispersion models is identified. Models that
employ the objective of maximal dispersion in the context of central places are formulated and solved in the context of both
single- and multiple-good systems. Two methods for generating multiple-good systems are presented: a multiple-type dispersion
model and a K-value constraint set formulation. Sequential solutions to dispersion models demonstrate how a system of central places could
develop over time. The solutions to these models generate the patterns of central places expected under the organizing principles
of central place theory. The objective of maximal dispersion is posited as both a motivating factor in central place location
decisions, and as the optimal outcome of a mature system of central places.
相似文献
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285.
随着模式分辨率的提高,对地形、海陆分布的描述更加精确,从而对天气和次天气尺度动力学的刻画也更准确,但计算需求和存贮量也将有比较明显的增加。因此,在模式分辨率提高的同时尽可能减少计算和存储量是模式发展的重要方面。文中采用规约线性格点,在高斯格点数和格点分布不变的情况下,把国家气象中心业务全球谱模式的水平分辨率由T213提高到TL319,从而使全球谱模式的计算有效率增加了2.25倍;实现了稳定外插两个时间层的半拉格朗日方案,解决了传统的半拉格朗日方案在计算轨迹中点的速度和发展方程的非线性项时,采用时间的线性外插带来的计算噪音,提高了模式积分的稳定性,从而使模式的积分时间步长从900 s增加到1200 s;在这两个关键技术实现的基础上,实现了TL319模式与业务OI同化方案的耦合,进行了连续1年的滚动试验,并对降水预报和500 hPa形势场预报进行了统计学检验,与现行全球中期业务模式的预报也进行了对比分析。分析结果表明,提高模式谱分辨率后,模式的动力过程保持合理稳定,对东亚地区500 hPa位势高度场的预报性能有所改进,对中雨和大雨量级的降水预报在大部分时效也都有改进,但是小雨预报TS评分略有下降。另外对冬、夏季的两次降水过程的天气学分析表明,TL319L31对天气过程的描绘比T213L31也有一定提高。 相似文献
286.
利用直线和直线条带可以方便地描述道路。在道路影像中,直线往往包含有缝隙,直线条带则会包含孔洞以及附着有不规则块。已有的方法在提取这类不甚理想的基元时都有一些缺陷。针对此情况,本文提出一种新的直线提取思路: 首先,提取边缘并细化; 然后,依据结构特点得出直线基本段; 最后,反复利用已获取的部分预测并检测出后续点。同样的思路也可用于直线条带的提取。实验结果证明,该算法具有优良的性能。 相似文献
287.
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289.
Shadows commonly exist in high resolution satellite imagery, particularly in urban areas, which is a combined effect of low sun elevation, off-nadir viewing angle, and high-rise buildings. The presence of shadows can negatively affect image processing, including land cover classification, mapping, and object recognition due to the reduction or even total loss of spectral information in shadows. The compensation of spectral information in shadows is thus one of the most important preprocessing steps for the interpretation and exploitation of high resolution satellite imagery in urban areas. In this study, we propose a new approach for global shadow compensation through the utilization of fully constrained linear spectral unmixing. The basic assumption of the proposed method is that the construction of the spectral scatter plot in shadows is analogues to that in non-shadow areas within a two-dimension spectral mixing space. In order to ensure the continuity of land covers, a smooth operator is further used to refine the restored shadow pixels on the edge of non-shadow and shadow areas. The proposed method is validated using the WorldView-2 multispectral imagery collected from downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In comparison with the existing linear-correlation correction method, the proposed method produced the compensated shadows with higher quality. 相似文献
290.
In this paper, the evolution of focused waves using different paddle displacements (piston type) under laboratory conditions is presented. It is well known that in intermediate water depths, linear paddle displacements will generate spurious, free, sub and super harmonics. Thus, a second order correction to suppress these spurious free sub and super harmonics was used to generate the focused waves. The focused waves were generated in the laboratory using a linear superimposition principle, in which the wave paddle displacement is derived based on the sum of a number of sinusoidal components at discrete frequencies, whose phases are accordingly set to focus at a particular location. For this method of generation, the second order wave maker theory proposed by Schäffer [24] can be easily adopted and was used in the present study. Two different centre frequencies (fc = 0.68 Hz and 1.08 Hz) with three different bandwidth ratios (Δf/fc = 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0) were tested in a constant water depth, to consider both narrow and broadband spectra. These test cases correspond to wave focusing packets propagating in intermediate and deep water regions. Further, for each wave packet, two different amplitudes were considered in order to analyze non-breaking and breaking cases. Thus, by systematically generating the wave packets using the linear and second order paddle displacements, the analysis was carried out for the spectral and temporal evolution of selected long waves. The temporal evolution of the selected harmonics was analyzed using the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT), to show the propagation of the spurious, free, long waves. Further, the variations in energy for the lower, higher and primary frequency ranges are reported for different wave paddle displacements. The analysis revealed that for the broadband spectrum the differences are more pronounced when using linear paddle displacements. We have also noticed a shift in focusing/breaking location and time (i.e. premature) due to the increase in crest height using linear displacements. The experiment data used in this paper has been provided as a supplementary, which can be used to validate the numerical models. 相似文献