浅论大气电过程与天气气候

该文论述了大气电学在天气气候学研究中的渗透，并根据实测资料的对比分析、讨论了晴天大气电过程、雷暴和闪电与天气气候过程之间的相关性和可能的耦合机制。结果表明，区域和全球性雷暴活动是耦合机制的一个关键参量，闪电是直观量，能以参数化形式引入大气环流模式定量地讨论耦合机制；发展的全球电路概念有可能把太阳、大气和地层联结在一起进行整体研究。     

甘肃中川地区雷暴地闪特征的初步分析

本文分析了1987年6月28日甘肃中川地区一次雷暴过程中地面4个测站的电场资料,并定量估算了4个地闪的8个回击所中和的电荷量及其高度。负地闪回击所中和的电荷离地高度为4km左右(对应的环境温度为-11.2℃),而正地闪回击所中和的电荷离地高度为2km左右(环境温度+4.9℃)。负地闪大多发生在云闪后的电场恢复阶段,且在开始时往往具有持续几百毫秒的云内放电过程。其激发过程可能是首先在云底部正电荷区产生向上传输的持续正流光,导致云中部负电荷向下移动,并引发向下传输的负先导,最终导致地闪回击的发生。     

Corona processes and lightning attachment: The effect of wind during thunderstorms

A simple model of a glow corona occurring near the tip of a grounded electrode in a thundercloud electric field that can be enhanced by an approaching downward leader has been studied analytically and numerically with regard to the effect of wind. We obtained an approximate expression for corona current taking into account the (i) removal of space charge from the coronating point due to ion drift and wind and (ii) image of the charge in the ground. As the wind velocity decreases to zero, the expression tends to that obtained previously in the absence of wind. It was shown analytically and numerically that, in a thundercloud electric field, even moderate wind velocities lead to hundreds of percent increase in the corona current. This current decreases with time only slightly in a steady thundercloud electric field, as opposed to the current behavior in the absence of wind. However, even strong wind is not sufficient to affect the properties of a corona intensified in the electric field of an approaching downward leader. The occurrence of wind does not affect the conditions for initiation of an upward connecting leader from grounded objects and consequently the efficiency of lightning rods of ordinary height.     

In situ measurements of contributions to the global electrical circuit by a thunderstorm in southeastern Brazil

The global electrical circuit, which maintains a potential of about 280 kV between the earth and the ionosphere, is thought to be driven mainly by thunderstorms and lightning. However, very few in situ measurements of electrical current above thunderstorms have been successfully obtained. In this paper, we present dc to very low frequency electric fields and atmospheric conductivity measured in the stratosphere (30–35 km altitude) above an active thunderstorm in southeastern Brazil. From these measurements, we estimate the mean quasi-static conduction current during the storm period to be 2.5 ± 1.25 A. Additionally, we examine the transient conduction currents following a large positive cloud-to-ground (+ CG) lightning flash and typical − CG flashes. We find that the majority of the total current is attributed to the quasi-static thundercloud charge, rather than lightning, which supports the classical Wilson model for the global electrical circuit.     

Possible link between new coronavirus variants and atmospheric lightning and seawater intrusion

自新型冠状病毒肺炎暴发一年多以来,已经对全球产生深远影响.新型冠状病毒肺炎变异毒株的出现使当前疫情发展充满了不确定性.从这方面出发,我们讨论病毒变异与大气因素之间的联系.根据固氮过程和硝酸盐在人体中的转化过程,我们提出了新型冠状病毒肺炎变异毒株的出现或许和闪电以及海水入侵有联系.我们的研究对新型冠状病毒肺炎变异毒株可能的产生原因提供新的观点.     

液态水含量和冰晶浓度对闪电频数影响的数值模拟研究

假定在软雹和冰晶碰撞的非感应起电机制为主要的起电机制成立的条件下，数值模拟研究了国际上公认的Fletcher和H—M冰晶产生机制以及云中的液态水含量对雷暴云放电过程（区分了云闪和地闪）的影响。结果表明，随着气压和温度的变化，在两种冰晶产生机制假定下，冰晶浓度分布有很大差异，这直接导致了雷暴云内电活动的差异。液态水含量的增加将使得首次放电时间延迟，同时将引起放电位置的下降和闪电频数的减少。     

山西数字测震台站雷击原因分析及防护措施研究

在详细分析雷电灾害特征的基础上,阐述了防雷工作的主要技术手段。分析山西数字测震台站2012年-2013年雷击灾害的成因,针对测震台站的构成特点,研究了台站综合防雷系统的设计方法,提出相应的防护技术措施。     

从空间探测闪电的综述

从空间探测闪电 30多年的历史看 ,一些卫星闪电遥感仪器已提供了许多极有价值的资料 ,例如 ,闪电全球范围内发生的频率 ,其随纬度和季节的变化以及日变化 ,超级闪电的发生等等。这些资料在雷电灾害预警预防、强对流天气监测、某些军事目标的识别等业务和科研工作中得到了应用。本文是关于空间探测闪电的一个综述 ,主要介绍过去 35a一些星载闪电光学探测器 ,并给出由这些仪器观测资料分析所得到的一些重要结果。最后 ,对发展中国星载闪电探测器提出几点建议。     

Advances in tornado and storm research in the United Kingdom and Europe: the role of the Tornado and Storm Research Organisation

The Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO) was formed in the UK in 1974 in order to determine realistic spatial, temporal and intensity distributions of tornadoes in the UK and, eventually, throughout Europe. Currently, TORRO's databases contain nearly 2000 tornadoes and over 550 waterspouts for the UK alone. In 1972, TORRO's founder, Terence Meaden, devised the Tornado Intensity Scale. This scale enables the wind speeds of tornadoes to be rated on a scale from T0 to T10, or more (since it is an open-ended scale). Using this scale, estimates have been made of the statistical return periods of differing intensities of UK tornadoes. TORRO's research into understanding the conditions of tornado development is ultimately intended to lead to issuing forecasts of tornadoes. In 1991, TORRO issued the first tornado watch in the UK for 12 November and this proved to be accurate—not only did three property-damaging tornadoes strike East Anglia but the forecast maximum intensity of T5 was attained. In 1975, TORRO expanded its activities to include conventional thunderstorm reporting and investigations. In 1982, TORRO incorporated the British and Irish thunderstorm data-collection organisation, the Thunderstorm Census Organisation (TCO), which was established in 1924. By the early 1980s, TORRO's network of voluntary thunderstorm observers, located throughout the UK and Ireland and increasingly in other European countries, numbered around 350 and the network continues to grow. In addition to TORRO's early focus on tornadoes and thunderstorms, its data collection and research has expanded to consider other whirlwinds (such as waterspouts and land devils), hailstorms, lightning (including ball lightning) and blizzards/heavy snowfalls. In 1996, TORRO began providing easy access to its databases (e.g. post-1995 UK and European severe weather events, especially tornadoes and hailstorms) and other information via its internet site at http://www.torro.org.uk/. Building on over 25 years of experience—and of the half a century of the TCO before it—TORRO continues to expand its European role in severe weather data collection and research, helped by the on-going appointment of European representatives and its increasing European membership.     

煤管站雷灾事故分析及防护

在对2000年晋城市煤管站遭雷击事故的调查分析基础上，提出今后的科学防护措施，既强化了全社会的防灾减灾意识，也促进了气象防雷减灾工作的积极开展。