长毛对虾、短沟对虾和日本对虾的染色体研究

目前,利用高新技术,如实行生殖和遗传操作进行对虾品种改良的设想正在中国、美国、澳大利亚和日本等国加紧实施,但对虾遗传和生殖学研究尚欠深入,限制了这项研究的进展。其中对虾染色体知识的贫乏和研究技术的短缺就是突出的一例。     

温度、pH和金属离子对仿刺参蛋白酶活力影响的研究

利用分光光度计比色法测定了温度、pH值和Hg2 等9种金属离子对体长24.2cm±0.7cm仿刺参(Apostichopusjaponicus)消化道中蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明,蛋白酶的最适温度为40℃,对热不稳定,最适pH为7.2。Hg2 ,Mn2 ,Ag ,Pb2 ,Ba2 ,Ca2 对蛋白酶的活性有抑制作用,抑制作用由强至弱依次为Hg2 >Ag >Mn2 >Pb2 >Ca2 >Ba2 ,其中Hg2 和Ag 与对照差异极显著(P﹤0.01),表现出极强的抑制作用;Cu2 ,Zn2 ,Mg2 则对酶活有一定的促进作用,其促进作用大小依次为Mg2 >Zn2 >Cu2 ,Mg2 与对照差异显著(P﹤0.05)。     

鲈鱼群体生化遗传学研究Ⅱ.种群生化遗传结构及变异

1995年6月—1996年5月分别在汕头及青岛收集共100尾鲈鱼生化样品，采用淀粉胶及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了鲈鱼17种同工酶，记录出31个基因座位，统计了基因频率。结果表明，2群体间遗传相似度和遗传距离分别为0.9920和0.0080。作者初步认为中国近海鲈鱼为1个种，分南、北2个种群。汕头种群多态座位比例为22.6%，青岛种群为25.8%。x2检验表明，2个群体多态座位等位基因频率除汕头的Est-4外均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。汕头与青岛种群平均杂合度分别为0.079和0.099，表明目前鲈鱼种质资源状况尚好，但当前捕捞鲈鱼苗的压力过大，应严格控制鲈鱼苗的捕捞，以免因滥捕仔稚幼鱼而导致资源衰竭。     

花鲈亲鱼人工培育与催产技术研究

作者研究了花鲈人工培育及促熟催产中的技术措施。采用海捕的天然苗种 ,逐年筛选、精心培育 ,共获得 4～ 6龄的成熟亲鱼 50尾。在外源激素 HCG(70 0～ 150 0 IU/ kg)及 LHRH- A3(2～5μg/ kg)的作用下 (雄鱼减半 ) ,共人工采卵 156 0× 10 4粒 ,卵的平均上浮率为 6 1% ,平均受精率为78% ,平均孵化率为 85.7%。     

盐度对鲈鱼稚、幼鱼发育阶段氨基酸的影响

为揭示鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)稚、幼鱼在淡化过程中氨基酸的组成及含量的变化规律,本实验在15.00、7.50及0.00共3个盐度梯度下,用氨基酸全自动分析仪对鲈鱼稚、幼鱼氨基酸的组成及含量进行了测定和分析。结果表明,实验中,3个盐度组的总氨基酸含量均逐渐增加,且它们之间没有显著性差异;实验中15.00盐度的必需氨基酸总量略呈下降趋势,而7.50盐度组和0.00盐度组均呈上升趋势,3个盐度之间存在显著性差异(P0.05);除脯氨酸外,3个盐度组中其他的非必需氨基酸含量及总的非必需氨基酸含量也均无显著差异。     

刺参稚参对蛋白质和脂肪需求量的初步研究

实验设计了粗蛋白水平分别为12％,18％,26％,32％,37％,44％,粗脂肪水平分别为3％,5％,8％,以藻粉、白鱼粉和酪蛋白等为主要原料的刺参实验饲料,用以饲喂平均体质量为0．90g的刺参(Stiehopus japonicus)。经过66d的饲养实验,测定了试验刺参的质量增长率．脏壁比和体成分等指标。结果显示,饲料中粗蛋白、粗脂肪水平对刺参的生长和脏壁比有明显影响。实验刺参在粗蛋白水平为18．21％～24．18％、粗脂肪为5％时获得最大生长,同时获得最低的脏壁比。体成分等指标没有受到饲料中粗蛋白和粗脂肪水平的明显影响。因此可以认为,刺参的最佳蛋白质和脂肪需要量分别为18.21％～24.18％和5％。     

基于线粒体控制区序列的黄海日本鳀(Engraulis japonicus)的群体遗传结构*

遗传多样性和群体遗传结构是研究群体动态变化的重要内容, 也是种质资源评估与保护的基础。日本鳀(Engraulis japonicus)是我国东部近海的重要鱼种, 具有重要的生态价值和经济价值。文章利用线粒体控制区全序列分析了黄海海域4个地理群体(北黄海北部、北黄海南部、南黄海北部和南黄海中部)日本鳀的遗传多样性、种群遗传结构和历史动态变化。结果显示, 131个样品检测到了126个单倍型, 且4个群体的单倍型多样性均很高, 其中北黄海南部群体的最低(0.995±0.009), 南黄海中部群体的最高(1.000±0.014)。而核苷酸多样性均较低, 为0.010±0.005 ~ 0.011±0.006。主成分判别分析(DAPC)和遗传分化系数F_st表明4个群体无明显的群体分化现象, 群体间的遗传同质性水平高, 分子方差分析(AMOVA)也显示分子变异基本来自于群体内, 并且没有明显的群体遗传结构。贝叶斯系统发育树分析发现, 黄海日本鳀有2个谱系, 谱系1和谱系2的分化时间为0.701Ma前, 可以追溯到更新世期间; 进一步中性检验和核苷酸错配分布分析表明这2个谱系可能发生过群体扩张。贝叶斯天际线图则显示黄海鳀鱼的有效群体数量在0.150Ma前发生了明显的下降。     

Genetic variation in two sea cucumber （Apostichopus japonicus） stocks revealed by ISSR markers

Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus samples were collected in Changdao, Penglai (PL), 27 individuals, and Lingshandao, Qingdao (QD), 30 individuals, in the Shandong Peninsula, China. Ten SSR primers were used to assess the genetic variation and relationship between and within the two stocks. Respectively, for each stock, the percentage of polymorphic bands was 85.2% and 86.9%; the gene diver- sity was 0.360 5 and 0.342 8; and the Shannon’s information index was 0.515 0 and 0.499 0. At species level, the percentage of polymorphic bands was 92.2%, the total gene diversity was 0.378 9 and the Shannon’s information index was 0.550 4. The coefficient of overall genetic differentiation and the ge- netic distances between the stocks were also calculated to be 0.073 0 and 0.079 6 using the POPGENE program. Results show that the genetic diversity of the two stocks is still large but the genetic distance between the two stocks is close. A dendrogram was constructed for the 57 individuals from the two stocks, showing that the genetic structure was unitary for PL stock but complex for QD stock.     

Seasonal biochemical changes in composition of body wall tissues of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

Seasonal variation in proximate,amino acid and fatty acid composition of the body wall of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus was evaluated.The proximate composition,except for ash content,changed significantly among seasons(P,0.05).Alanine,glycine,glutamic acid and asparagic acid were the most abundant amino acids.Total amino acid and essential amino acid contents both varied clearly with seasons(P,0.05).16:0 and 16:1n7 were the primary saturated fatty acid(SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA) respect...     

Effects of photoperiod on daily activity rhythm of juvenile sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

In nature, Apostichopus japonicus exhibits a behavioral characteristic of emerging at night and sheltering during the day. Hence, it was commonly believed that longer and darker light conditions are better for a population of A. japonicus. In aquaculture situations therefore, animals have commonly been cultured without lighting, especially during juvenile-hatching culture. However, how the length of darkness each day affects A. japonicus and what the mechanism is of behavioral response of A. japonicus to different photoperiods remain unclear, and are specifically addressed in this study. We applied nine photoperiod treatments (light:dark (LD) cycles at 0:24, 3:21, 6:18, 9:15, 12:12, 15:9, 18:6, 21:3, and 24:0 under 500 lx) to 60 individuals (29.73 ± 0.23 g) per treatment (with 3 replicates). The environmental conditions were set as: water temperature = 16.9 ± 0.3°C, dissolved oxygen>6.0 mg/L, ammonia<0.3 mg/L, pH = 7.8-8.2, and salinity = 30-32. Under experimental conditions of continuous darkness as well as continuous light, cyclic nocturnal activity patterns of A. japonicus (viz. the animals emerged and fed at night and sheltered during the day) were observed. However, they spent more and less time, respectively, moving and feeding under continuous darkness and continuous light, than those under a natural light cycle. Under photoperiods with 6-12 h of light, the animals showed one sheltering behavior transition and two emerging behavior transitions. These behavior transitions appeared to be governed by some internal physiological factors and induced by daily light variation. The behavior of the animals was significantly affected by different photoperiods, and the distribution rate (DR) of the animals emerging at "daytime" increased with lengthening "light time" (except for the LD 3:21 cycle). We also found that there was no significant difference in mean DR per day under LD cycles of 6:18, 9:15, 15:9, and 12:12. Mean DRs per day were significantly lower for these photoperiods, than for those under LD cycles of 0:24 and 3:21, and significantly higher than for those under LD cycles of 18:6, 21:3 and 24:0. These results imply that 6-15 h light per day were the similar photoperiods to natural sunlight. From the viewpoint of activity and feeding behaviors, these might be the optimal photoperiods for rearing A. japonicus.