Validation of the Polar MM5 for use in the simulation of the Arctic river basins

The simulations were performed using a modified mesoscale model,the Polar MM5,which was adapted for use within polar regions.The objective of the study was to illustrate the skill of the Polar MM5 in simulating atmospheric behavior over the Arctic river basins.Automatic weather station data,global atmospheric analyses,as well as near-surface and upper-air observations were used to verify the simulation. Parallel simulations of the Polar MM5 and the original MM5 within the period 19-29 April 1997 simula- tions revealed that Polar MM5 reproduced better near-surface variables forecasts than the original MM5 for the region located over the North American Arctic regions.The well predicted near-surface temperature and mixing ratio by the Polar MM5 confirmed the modified physical parameterization schemes that were used in this model are appropriate for the Arctic river regions.Then the extended evaluations of the Polar MM5 simulations over both the North American and Eurasian domains during 15 December 2002 to 15 May 2003 were then carried out.The time series plots and statistical analyses from the observations and the Polar MM5 simulations at 16 stations for the near-surface and vertical profiles at 850 hPa and 500 hPa variables were analyzed.The model was found to reproduce the observed atmospheric state both at magnitude and variability with a high degree of accuracy,especially for temperature and near-surface winds,although there was a slight cold bias that existed near the surface.     

CG-5型重力仪漂移特性与分时段平差处理

详细分析了4台CG-5型重力仪的静、动态漂移特性，结果发现，单次的静态测试结果中，CG-5型重力仪静态漂移呈很好的线性上升趋势，但划分不同时间尺度，每个时间段的仪器漂移率仍存在一定差异。同时，静态漂移率也存在长期变化的特征，不同测期CG-5型重力仪的漂移率差异较大：刚出厂时，CG-5型重力仪的漂移率变化幅度较大；随着时间变化，幅度逐渐减小，最终在一定区间内震荡。4台仪器的动态漂移率与仪器空间变化关系不密切，但仪器间的漂移特性在静态漂移率的长期变化、上下山的动态实验和单个测期各测线的动态漂移率变化中都表现出较为一致的变化趋势。基于以上认识，采用分时段平差的方法对观测数据进行分段漂移改正，改正后各台仪器和总体的联测精度指标均有所提高。     

A combined spectral and object-based approach to transparent cloud removal in an operational setting for Landsat ETM+

The automated cloud cover assessment (ACCA) algorithm has provided automated estimates of cloud cover for the Landsat ETM+ mission since 2001. However, due to the lack of a band around 1.375 μm, cloud edges and transparent clouds such as cirrus cannot be detected. Use of Landsat ETM+ imagery for terrestrial land analysis is further hampered by the relatively long revisit period due to a nadir only viewing sensor. In this study, the ACCA threshold parameters were altered to minimise omission errors in the cloud masks. Object-based analysis was used to reduce the commission errors from the extended cloud filters. The method resulted in the removal of optically thin cirrus cloud and cloud edges which are often missed by other methods in sub-tropical areas. Although not fully automated, the principles of the method developed here provide an opportunity for using otherwise sub-optimal or completely unusable Landsat ETM+ imagery for operational applications. Where specific images are required for particular research goals the method can be used to remove cloud and transparent cloud helping to reduce bias in subsequent land cover classifications.     

GF-5 DPC数据的云检测方法研究

高分五号（GF-5）号卫星所搭载的大气多角度偏振探测仪（DPC）能够对地球进行多波段,多角度和的连续观测,其数据对研究全球大气云分布及云辐射反馈作用提供新的视角。本文通法国多角度偏振载荷POLDER（POLarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectances）云检测算法为参考,结合DPC多波段反射率、偏振反射率、表观压强等信息开发了一个适用于DPC的云检测算法。算法主要分为3个部分：首先是阈值方法对云像元进行检测,同时引入表观压强对不同高度的云（如卷云、层积云等）进行进一步的条件约束,然后利用865 nm波段偏振反射率对海表反射的太阳耀斑区进行识别,修正了反射率阈值识别云像元时受到的太阳耀斑干扰。为了验证算法的准确性,利用2018-10-01的MODIS的MOD06云掩码产品与本文云检测算法结果进行定性分析,从目视判读结果可以看出本文云检测结果与MOD06产品具有较高的吻合度;随后又利用2018-10-01—04的CALIPSO-VFM数据与本文云检测结果和MYDO6云掩码产品进行定量分析,分别计算了中低纬度区域（60°N—60°S）的云/晴空像元命中率和云/晴空像元错误预报率,计算结果显示算法云命中率均值相较MYD06云掩码产品高出13.501%的前提下云错误预报率仅高出3.561%,可表明该算法在全球中低纬度区域有着良好的云检测效果。本文提出的云检测算法,可为后续DPC的云参数、水汽、气溶胶等研究提供重要数据支撑。     

全球气候模式中赤道东太平洋海表温度的季节循环：从CMIP5到CMIP6

The sea surface temperature(SST) seasonal cycle in the eastern equatorial Pacific(EEP) plays an important role in the El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation(ENSO) phenomenon. However, the reasonable simulation of SST seasonal cycle in the EEP is still a challenge for climate models. In this paper, we evaluated the performance of 17 CMIP6 climate models in simulating the seasonal cycle in the EEP and compared them with 43 CMIP5 climate models. In general, only CESM2 and SAM0-UNICON are able to successfully capture the annual mean SST characteristics,and the results showed that CMIP6 models have no fundamental improvement in the model annual mean bias.For the seasonal cycle, 14 out of 17 climate models are able to represent the major characteristics of the observed SST annual evolution. In spring, 12 models capture the 1–2 months leading the eastern equatorial Pacific region 1(EP1; 5°S–5°N, 110°–85°W) against the eastern equatorial Pacific region 2(EP2; 5°S–5°N, 140°–110°W). In autumn,only two models, GISS-E2-G and SAM0-UNICON, correctly show that the EP1 and EP2 SSTs vary in phase. For the CMIP6 MME SST simulation in EP1, both the cold bias along the equator in the warm phase and the warm bias in the cold phase lead to a weaker annual SST cycle in the CGCMs, which is similar to the CMIP5 results. However,both the seasonal cold bias and warm bias are considerably decreased for CMIP6, which leads the annual SST cycle to more closely reflect the observation. For the CMIP6 MME SST simulation in EP2, the amplitude is similar to the observed value due to the quasi-constant cold bias throughout the year, although the cold bias is clearly improved after August compared with CMIP5 models. Overall, although SAM0-UNICON successfully captured the seasonal cycle characteristics in the EEP and the improvement from CMIP5 to CMIP6 in simulating EEP SST is clear, the fundamental climate models simulated biases still exist.     

北方两次不同类型降雪过程的微物理模拟研究

利用中尺度模式MM5分别模拟了中国北方地区两次不同类型的降雪过程:2001年12月7-8日的北京小雪和1999年11月23-24日的辽宁雨转雪过程.文中还从微物理角度研究了这两次降雪过程,分析不同天气条件下降雪的水成物相态及其源汇项分布特点,并初步探讨云物理过程对降水热力、动力过程的反馈作用.重点分析了云物理变量的模拟结果,计算时采用输出水成物源、汇项小时累计量的方法,讨论了最大降水时段内各源、汇项的分布特征,并通过敏感性试验,分析了水成物相变潜热作用和降水粒子的拖曳作用对云的反馈影响.结果表明,云中水成物相态分布与温度有密切关系,北京小雪过程为气、固两相粒子作用,辽宁雨转雪过程为气、液、固三相粒子相互作用;在最大降水时段内,雪的产生主要来自于水汽凝华增长和雪收集冰晶增长,过冷水对形成霰很关键,冰相粒子融化加强雨的形成;降雪过程对热力、动力过程具有一定的反馈影响,相变潜热对上升运动和降水有正反馈作用,降水粒子下落拖曳力对上升运动和降水有负反馈作用.辽宁降雪过程降水粒子丰富,云物理过程对降水热力动力过程的反馈作用比北京小雪要强一些.     

Stability of rubble-mound breakwater using H50 wave height parameter

The prediction of rubble mound breakwaters' stability is one of the most important issues in coastal and maritime engineering. The stability of breakwaters strongly depends on the wave height. Therefore, selection of an appropriate wave height parameter is very vital in the prediction of stability number. In this study, H₅₀, the average of the 50 highest waves that reach the breakwater in its useful life, was used to predict the stability of the armor layer. First, H₅₀ was used instead of the significant wave height in the most recent stability formulas. It was found that this modification yields more accurate results. Then, for further improvement of the results, two formulas were developed using model tree.To develop the new formulas, two experimental data sets of irregular waves were used. Results indicated that the proposed formulas are more accurate than the previous ones for the prediction of the stability parameter. Finally, the proposed formulas were applied to regular waves and a wide range of damage levels and it was seen that the developed formulas are applicable in these cases as well.     

江南丘陵和云贵高原地形对一次西南涡暴雨影响的数值试验

运用MM5数值模式对1998年7月22~23日一次由西南涡引发形成湖南大暴雨的个例进行了数值试验。模式中设计了全地形、去掉江南丘陵地形、去掉江南丘陵和云贵高原地形三种方案。对比试验表明:在去掉江南丘陵和云贵高原后,由于地形的狭管作用消失,南北热力差异减弱,低空急流随之减弱;由于低空急流对西南涡和切变线的正涡度平流输送减弱,以及500 hPa高空槽引导切变线向南移与西南涡结合,造成西南涡增强,切变线减弱、消失。同时,本文还对三种模拟试验中地形作阶梯化处理,进一步验证江南丘陵、云贵高原对偏南风存在狭管作用,对低空急流的形成有促进作用。     

用Landsat TM订正NOAA／AVHRR监测洪涝精度方法研究

为了提高NOAA卫星监测洪涝灾害精度，分别对NOAA和TM卫星资料监测洪涝灾害的光学原理进行阐述，并以黑山县和台安县为例，利用Landsat TM资料空间分辨率高的特点，对NOAA／AVHRR资料监测洪涝精度进行订正分析，平均相对误差为4．4％。研究结果表明，利用TM对NOAA监测洪涝精度进行订正是提高NOAA卫星监测洪涝精度可行的有效方法。