Quantifying Damage, Saturation and Anisotropy in Cracked Rocks by Inverting Elastic Wave Velocities

Crack damage results in a decrease of elastic wave velocities and in the development of anisotropy. Using non-interactive crack effective medium theory as a fundamental tool, we calculate dry and wet elastic properties of cracked rocks in terms of a crack density tensor, average crack aspect ratio and mean crack fabric orientation from the solid grains and fluid elastic properties. Using this same tool, we show that both the anisotropy and shear-wave splitting of elastic waves can be derived. Two simple crack distributions are considered for which the predicted anisotropy depends strongly on the saturation, reaching up to 60% in the dry case. Comparison with experimental data on two granites, a basalt and a marble, shows that the range of validity of the non-interactive effective medium theory model extends to a total crack density of approximately 0.5, considering symmetries up to orthorhombic. In the isotropic case, Kachanov's (1994) non-interactive effective medium model was used in order to invert elastic wave velocities and infer both crack density and aspect ratio evolutions. Inversions are stable and give coherent results in terms of crack density and aperture evolution. Crack density variations can be interpreted in terms of crack growth and/or changes of the crack surface contact areas as cracks are being closed or opened respectively. More importantly, the recovered evolution of aspect ratio shows an exponentially decreasing aspect ratio (and therefore aperture) with pressure, which has broader geophysical implications, in particular on fluid flow. The recovered evolution of aspect ratio is also consistent with current mechanical theories of crack closure. In the anisotropic cases—both transverse isotropic and orthorhombic symmetries were considered—anisotropy and saturation patterns were well reproduced by the modelling, and mean crack fabric orientations we recovered are consistent with in situ geophysical imaging. Our results point out that: (1) It is possible to predict damage, anisotropy and saturation in terms of a crack density tensor and mean crack aspect ratio and orientation; (2) using well constrained wave velocity data, it is possible to extrapolate the contemporaneous evolution of crack density, anisotropy and saturation using wave velocity inversion as a tool; 3) using such an inversion tool opens the door in linking elastic properties, variations to permeability.     

Comparison of satellite measurements of the low-latitude nighttime upper ionosphere with IRI

In this paper, we report the results of our comparison study between satellite measurements and the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model on the seasonal and longitudinal changes of the low-latitude nighttime topside ionosphere during the period of solar maximum from June 2000 to July 2001. Satellite measurements were made by KOMPSAT-1 and DMSP F15 at 685 km altitude and 840 km altitude, respectively. The results show that the IRI2001 model gives reasonable density estimations for the summer hemisphere and the March equinox at both altitudes. However, the observed wintertime densities are smaller than the predictions of the IRI2001 model, especially at a higher (840 km) altitude, manifesting strong hemispheric asymmetries. The observed electron temperatures generally reside between the two estimations of IRI2001, one based on the Aeros–ISIS data and the other based on Intercosmos, and the latter estimation better represents the observations. With more or less monotonic increase with latitude, the temperature profiles of the IRI2001 model do not predict the enhancement seen around 15° magnetic latitude of the winter hemisphere. Longitudinal variation, probably caused by the zonal winds, is seen in all seasons at both altitudes, while the IRI2001 model does not show a large variation. The observed density and temperature show significant changes according to the F10.7 values in the whole low-latitude region from 40°S to 40°N geomagnetic latitude. The effect is manifested as increases in the density and temperature, but not in the hemispheric asymmetry or in the longitudinal variation.     

红色泥岩风化含砾粘土的抗剪强度参数与物理性质相关性研究

研究了巴东组红色泥岩风化含砾粘土的含水量、密度及粘粒含量与内聚力C、摩察角φ的关系。通过配制粒径小于10mm的含砾粘土,按不同的含水量、密度及粘粒含量进行了大量的室内样品实验,分析总结了试验数据的一些规律,得出了适用的经验公式。这些经验公式揭示了该土体的一些特性,同时,当测得土体的某些物性指标后,可以运用这些公式计算该类土体的抗剪强度参数。这样,可避免少量试验数据用于设计时的不可靠性。     

p-范分布母体的抽样分布

定义了Xp分布,tp分布及凡分布,导出了它们的分布密度函数。应用这些分布可对P一范分布子样进行假设检验等统计分析。     

一种改进的土壤水分平衡模式

将美国学者,Ｊ．Ｔ．Ｒｉｔｃｈｉｅ等研制的作物生长模拟模式（ＣＥＲＥＳ－小麦模式）中的土壤水分平衡子模式应用于我国半干旱地区甘肃省西峰市农业气象试验站固定地块麦地土壤水分的模拟,对原有模式中潜在蒸散、地表蒸发和作物蒸腾加以修正,同时,为增强模式的应用性能,引入一种由作物生育期来估算作物根系最大深度和土壤各层相对根密度的方法。改进后的土壤水分平衡模式取得较好的应用效果,为旱地农田土壤水分管理提供了一     

地震地面运动模型的研究

地震地面运动被模拟成均值为零的两次过滤Ｇａｕｓｓ白噪声随机过程。第一次过滤削减白噪声的高频含量;第二次过滤削减白噪声的低频含量。根据地震记录的功率谱,使用非线性函数的最小二乘法,确定了两次过滤Ｇａｕｓｓ白噪声随机过程的功率谱密度函数的参数。     

区域地震台网的动态监测能力

提出了一种区域台网监测能力的动态估计方法,结果表明,平均台距减小１倍,台风密度增加至４倍,但台网监测能力仅提高０．３￣０．４级,为使监测能力提高１级,平均台距需减至１／８,台网密度则增大６４倍,若台站短周期仪器放大率一律为５万倍,每万平方公里１个台的平均台网密度,其台网可监测最小震级为ＭＬ２．０（ｍｌｇ标度）。     

含气储集层泥浆侵入的动力学特征及其对补偿中子和补偿密度测井响应的影响

根据渗流理论考察了钻井过程中泥浆滤液对含油气储层的侵入过程,研究了不同条件下侵入剖面的特点,计算了各种侵入剖面的补偿密度和补偿中子测井响应,并提出了新的解释模型．研究结果表明,侵入改变了近井区地层的物性参数和地球物理特征,给测井地层评价带来许多问题,但又为储层动态特性研究提供了良好的条件．     

含气储集层泥浆侵入的动力学特征及其对补偿中子和补偿密度测井响应的影响

根据渗流理论考察了钻井过程中泥浆滤液对含油气储层的侵入过程,研究了不同条件下侵入剖面的特点,计算了各种侵入剖面的补偿密度和补偿中子测井响应,并提出了新的解释模型．研究结果表明,侵入改变了近井区地层的物性参数和地球物理特征,给测井地层评价带来许多问题,但又为储层动态特性研究提供了良好的条件．