Explorative data analysis of heavy metal contaminated soil using multidimensional spatial regression

To obtain data on heavy metal contaminated soil requires laborious and time-consuming data sampling and analysis. Not only has the contamination to be measured, but also additional data characterizing the soil and the boundary conditions of the site, such as pH, land use, and soil fertility. For an integrative approach, combining the analysis of spatial distribution, and of factors influencing the contamination, and its treatment, the Mollifier interpolation was used, which is a non-parametric kernel density regression. The Mollifier was capable of including additional independent variables (beyond the spatial dimensions x and y) in the spatial interpolation and hence explored the combined influence of spatial and other variables, such as land use, on the heavy metal distribution. The Mollifier could also represent the interdependence between different heavy metal concentrations and additional site characteristics. Although the uncertainty measure supplied by the Mollifier at first seems somewhat unusual, it is a valuable feature and supplements the geostatistical uncertainty assessment.     

Far-Zone Contributions to Topographical Effects in the Stokes-Helmert Method of the Geoid Determination

In the evaluation of the geoid done according to the Stokes-Helmert method, the following topographical effects have to be computed: the direct topographical effect, the primary indirect topographical effect and the secondary indirect topographical effect. These effects have to be computed through integration over the surface of the earth. The integration is usually split into integration over an area immediately adjacent to the point of interest, called the near zone, and the integration over the rest of the world, called the far zone. It has been shown in the papers by Martinec and Vaníek (1994), and by Novák et al. (1999) that the far-zone contributions to the topographical effects are, even for quite extensive near zones, not negligible.Various numerical approaches can be applied to compute the far-zone contributions to topographical effects. A spectral form of solution was employed in the paper by Novák et al. (2001). In the paper by Smith (2002), the one-dimensional Fast Fourier Transform was introduced to solve the problem in the spatial domain. In this paper we use two-dimensional numerical integration. The expressions for the far-zone contributions to topographical effects on potential and on gravitational attraction are described, and numerical values encountered over the territory of Canada are shown in this paper.     

An experimental investigation of density-stratified inertial gravity currents

Turbidity currents and pyroclastic density currents may originate as stratified flows or develop stratification during propagation. Analogue, density‐stratified laboratory currents are described, using layers of salt solutions with different concentrations and depths to create the initial vertical stratification. The evolving structure of the flow depends on the distribution of the driving buoyancy between the layers, B* (proportional to the layer volumes and densities), and their density ratio, ρ*. When the lower layer contains more salt than the upper layer, and so has a greater proportion of the driving buoyancy (B* < 0·5), this layer can run ahead leading to streamwise or longitudinal stratification (ρ*→0), or the layers can mix to produce a homogeneous current (ρ*→1). If the upper layer contains more salt and thus buoyancy (B* > 0·5), this layer travels to the nose of the current by mixing into the back of the head along the body/wake density interface to produce a homogeneous flow (ρ*→1) or overtaking, leading to streamwise stratification (ρ*→0). Timescales describing the mixing between the layers and the streamwise separation of the layers are used to understand these flow behaviours and are in accordance with the experimental observations. Distance–time measurements of the flow front show that strongly stratified flows initially travel faster than weakly stratified flows but, during their later stages, they travel more slowly. In natural flows that are stratified in concentration and grain size, internal features, such as stepwise grading, gradual upward fining and reverse grading, could be produced depending on B* and ρ*. Stratification may also be expected to affect interactions with topography and overall fan architecture.     

高密度电阻率法在东安岩金矿床勘探中的应用

利用高密度电阻率法对东安岩金矿床地表覆盖层下的矿体进行了测量，着重阐述了该方法在确定浅层覆盖、陡立、大脉状金矿体产状的技术手段。认为在该矿区矿体勘探阶段应用高密度电阻率测量方法探寻矿体，具有效率高，成本低的特点。     

Density control in Potamogeton perfoliatus L. and Potamogeton pectinatus L.

The effect of density on the growth, recruitment of new ramets, biomass allocation, rhizome spacer length and rhizome branching of the submersed macrophyte Potamogeton perfoliatus L. was experimentally evaluated in a mesocosm with three different initial shoot densities. The findings suggest that the number of primary shoots available in the beginning of the season can strongly influence patterns of growth and clonal reproduction. In contrast to many studies that found decreasing production parameters with plant density, ramet and biomass production of Potamogeton perfoliatus plants were highest at medium plant density. This is probably due to negative feed-back through crowding at high density and unclear negative effects at low density. Shoot allocation tended to increase with density, rhizome allocation tended to decrease with density and root biomass remained unchanged. At low density Potamogeton perfoliatus produced longer rhizome spacers and more branchings than at higher densities. Shorter rhizome spacers at high plant density probably restrict patch expansion and cause discrete patch shapes. A likely mechanism for plastic changes in clonal architecture is increasing competition for light at increasing density, but other density-dependent factors may also contribute.Investigations on propagule numbers of tubers and turions show that self-regulation of ramet number was associated with self-regulation of propagule number in both Potamogeton perfoliatus and Potamogeton pectinatus, with higher densities producing less propagules per plant.     

Volume-temperature relationship for iron at 330 GPa and the Earth's core density deficit

Estimates of core density deficit (cdd) of the Earth's outer core recently reported by Anderson and Isaak [Another look at the core density deficit of Earth's outer core, Phys. Earth Planet Int. 131 (2002) 19-27] are questionable in view of the serious errors in the pressure-volume and bulk modulus data due to an inadequacy in the calibration process used by Mao et al. [Static compression of iron to 300 GPa and Fe_0.8Ni_0.2 alloy to 200 GPa: implications for the core, J. Geophys. Res. 94 (1990) 21737-21742]. The data used by Anderson and Isaak deviate significantly from the corresponding values derived from seismology. In the present study we have used the input data on density, isothermal bulk modulus and its pressure derivative from Stacey and Davis [High pressure equations of state with application to lower mantle and core, Phys. Earth Planet Int. 142 (2004) 137-184] which are consistent with the seismological data. Volumes of hexagonal close-packed iron have been calculated at different temperatures under isobaric conditions at P = 330 GPa, the inner core boundary (ICB) pressure using the relationship between thermal pressure and volume expansion based on the lattice potential theory originally due to Born and Huang [Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1954, p. 50]. The formulation for thermal pressure used by Anderson and Isaak has been modified by taking into account the variations of thermal expansivity α and isothermal bulk modulus K_T with temperature. Values of cdd are then estimated corresponding to different temperatures ranging from 4000 to 8000 K. The results for cdd at different temperatures obtained in the present study are significantly higher than those estimated by Anderson and Isaak suggesting that the cdd for the Earth's outer core is nearly 10%. The effects of nickel when an Fe-Ni alloy replaces Fe are estimated and found to be insignificant.     

江西省区域岩矿石物性数据统计特征

介绍以江西省全境和两个地层区为空间范围内的53741个岩矿石密度数据、12677个磁化率数据、12424个剩磁强度数据的岩石物性统计特征,供在江西省境内进行矿区物探工作时参考。     

印度洋9.0级大地震激发的基频地球球型振荡

分析了中国数字地震台网（CDSN）改造后的余山台（SSE）甚长周期地震仪（STS-1，瑞士生产）观测到的大地震后3天的VHZ波形资料，利用功率谱密度估计方法，在没有对资料进行去固体潮处理的情况下，准确获得了2004年12月26日印度洋地震激发的基频球型振荡，并与地球初步参考模型（PREM）的理论自由振荡周期进行了对比，发现实测振荡周期与PREM预测的振荡周期其本符合。其细微差异可以用来研究和解释地球介质的横向不均匀性和各向异性等现象。     

A comparative study of ANN and Neuro-fuzzy for the prediction of dynamic constant of rockmass

Physico-mechanical properties of rocks have great significance in all operational parts in mining activities, from exploration to final dispatch of material. Compressional wave velocity (p-wave velocity) and anisotropic behaviour of rocks are two such properties which help to understand the rock response under varying stress conditions. They also influence the breakage mechanism of rock. There are different methods to determine thep-wave velocity and anisotropyin situ and in the laboratory. These methods are cumbersome and time consuming. Fuzzy set theory, Fuzzy logic and Neural Networks techniques seem very well suited for typical geotechnical problems. In conjunction with statistics and conventional mathematical methods, hybrid methods can be developed that may prove to be a step forward in modeling geotechnical problems. Here, we have developed and compared two different models, Neuro-fuzzy systems (combination of fuzzy and artificial neural network systems) and Artificial neural network systems, for the prediction of compressional wave velocity.     

垃圾土的渗透特性试验

用取自京郊某垃圾堆填场的垃圾土样进行渗透试验,比较不同密度情况下渗透系数的差别。试验中同时记录了渗透系数随时间的变化情况。试验结果表明,垃圾土的渗透系数随密度的不同,可以在(10-3~10-7)cm/s之间变动。试验中也发现垃圾土的渗透系数随时间而逐渐减小,大约6天左右趋于稳定。对垃圾土的渗透系数室内试验测定应以观测7天时间为宜。