海南岛港湾演变与工程建设

海南岛沿岸多港湾，主要有3种类型的潮汐汊道型港湾：（1）沙坝-泻湖型潮汐汊道港湾主要分布在东南部海岸，以三亚港最为典型。三亚港原始岸线为基岩港湾海岸，由中生代花岗岩构成。花岗岩风化泥沙充填谷地港湾连成陆地，以沙坝-泻湖体系形式逐渐堆积成海积平原。（2）港湾型潮汐汊道主要分布在海南岛西部，起源于构造断裂带的港湾。其演化的主要因素是河流及海岸侵蚀向湾内供应的沉积物以及巨大的纳潮量形成的潮流动力。消费品流及海岸供沙使纳潮水域淤积，纳潮量相应减少，同时在口门内外形成潮流三角洲（拦门沙浅滩）。（3）溺谷型潮汐汊道主要分布在海南岛北岸、东北岸。其演化过程是：古河口溺谷，沿岸输沙发育海岸沙坝，古河口溺谷逐渐淤积衰退，潮流作用形成 口门外落潮流堆积体及涨潮带入海相细粒物质，使纳潮水域进一步淤浅缩小，目前这类汊道处于发育演化的晚期，接近汊道整体的消亡。     

High inside corners at ridge-transform intersections

A large topographic high commonly occurs near the intersection of a rifted spreading center and a transform fault. The high occurs at the inside of the 90° bend in the plate boundary, and is called the high inside corner, while the area across the spreading center, the outside corner, is often anomalously low. To better understand the origin of this topographic asymmetry, we examine topographic maps of 53 ridge-transform intersections. We conclude the following: (1) High inside corners occur at 41 out of 42 ridge-transform intersections at slow spreading ridges, and thus should be considered characteristic and persistent features of rifted slow spreading ridges. They are conspicuously absent at fast spreading ridges or at spreading centers that lack a rift valley. (2) High inside corners occur wherever an axial rift valley is present, and an approximate 1:1 correlation exists between the relief of the rift valley and the magnitude of the asymmetry. (3) Large high inside corners occur at both long and short transform offsets. (4) High inside corners at long offsets decay off-axis faster than predicted by the square root of age cooling model, precluding a thermalisostatic origin, but consistent with dynamic or flexural uplift models.These observations support the existing hypothesis that the asymmetry is due to the contrast in lithospheric coupling that occurs in the active transform versus the inactive fracture zone. Active faulting in the transform breaks the lithosphere along a high angle fault, permitting vertical movement of the inside corner block, whereas the inactive fracture zone forms a weld that couples the outside corner to the adjacent block, preventing it from rising. Large asymmetry at very short transform offsets appears to be caused by the added effect of a second uplift mechanism. Young lithosphere in the rift valley couples to the older plate, and when it leaves the rift valley it lifts the older plate with it. At very short offsets, this coupled uplift acts upon the high inside corner; at long offsets, it may upwarp the older plate or its expression may be muted.     

长江三峡大宁河流域3 000年来的沉积环境和风尘堆积

对长江三峡大宁河流域双堰塘剖面的粒度、磁化率和氧化物进行了综合分析，揭示了该区3000a来的沉积环境变化，并对全新世第1寒冷期的风尘堆积作了初步探讨。该区3000a来的风尘堆积是在全新世第1寒冷期（1000－850BC），即是亚北方期又是新冰期时形成的。而此寒冷期又存在次一级的气候波动。风尘堆积下层是在干凉气候下形成的原始风尘堆积，而上层气候趋于冷湿，流水作用增强，原始风尘堆积被流水搬运，在此形成次生黄土。由于所受水动力条件和风化程度的不同，本区风尘堆积与长江下游地区的风尘堆积以及北方黄土之间存在着明显的差异之处。     

岷江上游干旱河谷灌丛研究

岷江上游干旱河谷灌丛现代植物区系的基本特征是温带分布属占优势而含有较多的热带分布属,以及拥有许多古地中海残遗种和本地特有种,其与古地中海在时间上、与现代中亚(草原和荒漠)在空间上有着渊缘联系,热带属的种与温带荒漠、草原种在此巧妙地聚集和组合是干旱河谷的特有现象,它可能是古地中海植物区系的延续和残遗的反映,在某种意义上可能是历史植物区系的"活化石"。幽深而封闭的峡谷地貌和青藏高原亚热带山地半干旱的暖温气候,以及干燥而贫瘠的山地(碱性)灰褐土是干旱河谷灌丛生境的基本特征。土壤湿度(水分相对含量)和肥力(有机质相对含量)的梯度分析,显示出半干旱-半贫瘠的土壤为其代表性的也是主要的生境类型。一种既无乔木群落(森林)又无草本群落(草原或草甸),而仅有矮灌木和半灌木占优势的灌木群落(矮灌丛),盖满了干旱河谷沿岸干燥山坡的荒凉景观,是岷江上游干旱河谷自然植被的现状概貌和基本特征。干旱河谷灌丛形成于特定的生态环境和地质历史的时空中,是一种处于森林与草原之间的而近似于草原灌丛的隐域性(非地带性或超地带性)植被。其含有的众多中亚荒漠、草原种,在干旱河谷多为中生或中生耐旱特性。因此,干旱河谷灌丛不是草原也更不是荒漠,而是中国-喜马拉雅地区夏雨性的冬旱灌丛(群系纲),它与地中海型气候的冬雨性夏旱灌丛(群系纲:如地中海的Macehia和北美洲的Chaparral等)同属于干旱(季节性)灌丛植被型的两个群系纲(Formation class)。从干旱河谷灌丛数量分析的样地相关性半矩阵中,析出的具有三角形网眼的灌丛之群系关联网(Relative net)和群系之样地关联网,显示了灌丛核心群系和群系的典型样地在关联网中的相关位置。干旱河谷灌丛沿着地质历史的长河在地貌形成与演化过程中,大约在上新世(或许更早)青藏高原尚处于夷平面发育时期,早先的干热性古植被(森林草原)中,就可能已经孕育着干旱河谷灌丛的雏型,至少与邻近的横断山区干旱河谷及中亚的荒漠、草原区(或泛、古地中海区)拥有许多共有种,继而在整个第四纪中不断发展和逐渐形成。在全新世最新的深切河谷中生存着第三纪古老植被的残遗类型和衍生后裔,是现代干旱河谷灌丛起源古老的历史性反映和植被现状的基本特征,它应该是一种原生性的植被(或顶极群落)。建立封山、禁止放牧和樵采以及保护自然植被的有效管理机制,综合开发干旱河谷自然环境中水、热优势资源的直接和间接的多种效益,是岷江上游干旱河谷保护和建设生态环境与发展区域经济的基本途径。岷江上游干旱河谷灌丛拥有十分特殊的古老植物区系和非常稀有的原始植被类型,在有限的地域内保存着古地中海植物区系的残遗成分和衍生后裔,在广阔的湿润森林地带的特定环境中生存着典型的冬旱灌丛,这些都是十分宝贵而稀有的自然遗产,对于研究我国西部的历史植物区系和自然地理,以及保护和建设现代生态环境和区域经济,都有着非常宝贵的科学价值和十分重要的现实意义。因此,特建议在岷江上游干旱河谷划出一定的面积建立自然保护区。保护地段可选设在杂谷脑河的甘堡至龙溪地区(包括主要支流的一部分河段)和岷江干流的飞虹桥至黑水河的沙坝(干旱中心)地区。     

A model for the active origin and development of source-bordering dunefields on a semiarid fluvial plain: A case study from the Xiliaohe Plain, Northeast China

Source-bordering dunefields have been reported in some drylands of the planet, but scarcely in China where there are extensive drylands. This article reports them in China for the first time, and presents a model for their active origin and development on a semiarid fluvial plain by means of satellite image analyses and field investigations. Local- and regional-scale examples are chosen to analyze the spatial patterns of dunefields, as well as the relationships with the fluvial systems in the central part of Naiman Banner where the Jiaolai River runs, and the lower Laoha River, and the middle and lower Ulijimulun River (principal tributaries of the Xiliaohe River). The active origin and development of source-bordering dunefields can be divided into four stages in terms of the spatial patterns of dunefields and channel dynamics: Stage I — individual dunes on the downwind margins of river valleys where running water constantly erodes the steep slopes of valley and where the downwind slopes orient to local dominant winds; Stage II — individual local-scale dunefields formed by deflation of the steep valley slopes and extending antecedent dunes downwind, together with the downstream displacement of meanders; Stage III — individual large-scale dunefield belts along the downwind margins of river valleys formed through frequent lateral migrations of channel; Stage IV — regional-scale dunefields formed mainly by river diversions due to climatic changes or tectonic movements. On the one hand, it is the running water's lateral migration, especially meandering, that prepares suitable places for aeolian systems in terms of both wind flow fields and sand sources, and subsequently it can further cause separate local-scale source-bordering dunefields to link together as a regional-scale dunefield belt given sufficient time. On the other hand, diversions of the river are bound to occur following changing hydrologic regimes resulting from tectonic movements or significant climate change (at regional and millennium scales). As a result, when some dunefield belts as well as the adjacent channels are abandoned, new channels work elsewhere in the same way to actively form new source-bordering dunefields and even dunefield belts at a regional scale.     

海温异常对东亚夏季风及长江流域降水影响的分析及数值试验

对夏季的向外长波辐射(OLR)场及前期热带海温之间的奇异值分解(SVD)分析表明,当自前冬开始的热带海温呈La Nia 型异常分布,相应的对流的最佳耦合模态将是:从印度半岛经孟加拉湾直至南海以及西太平洋暖池都为强对流活动区,而在中国江淮流域地区则为弱区.当海温呈El Nio分布时,则相反.数值试验的结果是:在1998年实际海温强迫下,模式十分成功地模拟了该年夏季流场的基本特征,南海季风爆发的日期及强度皆与实际十分符合,印度季风也偏弱.特别是模式成功地模拟出了1998年长江流域6～7月的强降水,距平百分率达到100%以上.改变热带海温,分别用气候海温代替赤道东太平洋和西印度洋实际海温.结果发现,在用赤道东太平洋气候海温取代实际海温时,与1998年实况相比,印度季风与南海季风明显加强,长江流域降水趋于正常值.即如果1998年不出现El Nio现象,或者海温异常的强度减弱,则长江流域降水就会大大减弱.1998年热带西印度洋海温异常对东亚季风的影响与热带东太平洋十分相像.暖洋面将有利于长江流域的强降水,而不利于南海季风的加强.关键词:海面温度;长江流域;洪涝;南海季风;数值试验     

冰雪融水沟谷纵剖面的形态与演化模式

冰雪融水是冰川泥石流的一种主要激发动力。冰雪融水沿程(s)流量Qs=q0(S1/2-s^2/2S)。其沟谷纵剖面形态模式近似为抛物线型：h/H=(s/S)^N。冰雪融水泥石流流域水文地貌系统的熵可用沟谷纵剖面形态指数N来表征：信息熵P=In[(N 2)/2]-N/(N 2)，超熵δxP=N^3(N^2-4)(N 2)，[32(6-N)]。冰雪融水沟谷纵剖面演化的最小能耗模式表现为沿程流速平均值u↑-与N值成正比：u↑-∝(N)。f(N)为流速函数，f(N)={2/3—2/[(N 1)(N 3)]}^1/2；冰雪融水泥石流沟的各地貌发育阶段开始时的u↑-值之比为：泥石流发展阶段(N=0．62)1．0；泥石流旺盛阶段(N=1．23)1．182；泥石流衰减阶段(N=2．0)1．280；流域稳定阶段(N=3．71)1．361。以藏东南典型冰雪融水泥石流沟谷为例，检验了上述沟谷纵剖面之形态与演化模式。     

速流结构防治泥石流的理论及应用

作为一种公路沿线发育的地质灾害，泥石流是路基、路面及相关建、构筑物最强烈的毁损动力。为了防治泥石流公路灾害，作者开发了速流结构。该结构由汇流槽和速流槽组成。其中汇流槽的侧墙长度、高度’、厚度等参数通过泥石流沟形态及其冲击力综合确定；而速流槽的宽度、侧墙及纵横断面则由泥石流排泄量、流速、锁固桩及流体性质综合确定。根据公路穿越速流结构的方式，将速流结构分为底越式和顶越式2种。速流结构对于解决具有大冲大淤特性的冲淤变动型沟谷泥石流灾害具有重要应用价值。据此可以确保穿越泥石流沟的公路构、建筑物的安全与稳定．确保公路交通有序进行。此外，文章对速流结构的一些子结构，如速流槽侧墙及锁固桩进行了力学分析。位于川西南西昌-木里干线公路的平川泥石流属于典型的冲淤变动型沟谷泥石流。该沟长度8．2km，沟床平均比降0．181，平均流速9．0m／s，沉积区宽度500m左右。为了确保该段公路交通的有序进行，作者干1999年实施了平川泥石流速流结构。通过2000年以来的研究及现场测试，显示了该防治结构的优越性。但是，作为一种特殊的水工结构，泥石流对速流结构的磨蚀作用是比较强烈的。因此，开展速流结构的抗冲、抗撞研究是进一步研究具有重要价值。     

Differentiating the effect of episodic tectonism and eustatic sea-level fluctuations in foreland basins filled by alluvial fans and axial deltaic systems: insights from a three-dimensional stratigraphic forward model

Many studies of foreland basins have recognized a hierarchical organization in the stacking of sequences deposited by axial‐deltaic and alluvial fan systems. The hierarchy is often explained in terms of the competing control of eustasy and pulsed tectonic subsidence and the different frequencies at which these processes operate. Unravelling the relative contributions of tectonic and eustatic controls on the sequence stacking pattern is a fundamental question in foreland basin analysis, yet this is difficult because of the lack of independent stratigraphic evidence. In this study, a three‐dimensional numerical model is presented, which aids in the interpretation of alluvial successions in foreland basins filled by transverse and axial depositional systems, under conditions of variable tectonism and eustatic sea‐level change. The tectono‐sedimentary model is capable of simulating the hierarchical stratigraphic response to both eustatic and tectonic forcing, and is of higher resolution than previous models of foreland basin filling. Numerical results indicate that the onset of tectonic activity is reflected by rapid retrogradation of both depositional systems and by widespread flooding and onlap of carbonate sediments. Syntectonic fluvial patterns on the axial‐deltaic plain are dominated by bifurcating channels, swiftly relocating in response to the general rise in relative sea level induced by flexural subsidence. The resulting surface morphology of the axial delta is convex upwards. Syntectonic eustatic sea‐level fluctuations result in parasequence‐scale packages of retrograding and prograding fan and delta sediments bounded by minor flooding surfaces and type 2 sequence boundaries. Incised channels are rare within the syntectonic parasequences and are formed only during phases of tectonic quiescence when eustatic falls are no longer compensated by the subsidence component in the rise in relative sea level. Suites of amalgamating, axial channels corresponding to multiple eustatic falls delineate the resulting type 1 unconformities. Coarse‐grained, incised‐channel fills are found in the zone between the alluvial fan fringes and the convex‐upward body of the axial delta, as the axial streams tend to migrate towards this zone of maximum accommodation.