近30年珠穆朗玛峰国家自然保护区冰川变化的遥感监测

利用1976、1988和2006年的3期陆地卫星遥感数据,采用面向对象的解译方法并结合专家知识分类规则自动提取珠穆朗玛峰国家自然保护区(以下简称珠峰保护区)3个时期的冰川信息,并利用遥感、地理信息系统和图谱的方法对冰川时空分布特征和变化及其原因与不确定性进行了分析。结果如下:(1)2006年珠峰保护区内冰川面积为2710.17±0.011km²,为研究区总面积的7.41%,主要分布在研究区南部海拔4700～6800m的高山区;(2)1976-2006年,珠峰保护区冰川持续退缩明显,总面积减少501.91±0.035km²,冰湖扩张迅速(净增加36.88±0.035km²);研究区南坡子流域冰川退缩率(16.79%)高于北坡子流域(14.40%);珠峰保护区冰川以退缩为主,退缩冰川主要分布于海拔4700～6400m,退缩区上限海拔为6600～6700m;(3)1976年以来,气温显著上升和降水减少是冰川退缩的关键因素。     

防潮堤坝对山东昌邑滨海湿地植物及土壤性质的影响分析

为研究防潮堤坝对滨海湿地植物及土壤性质的影响,本研究在昌邑国家级海洋生态特别保护区内,通过样线法进行野外调查采样,进行防潮堤坝内外土壤、植被以及两者之间联系的分析,研究了堤坝内外植被及土壤性质差异。结果表明:堤坝内外土壤、植被有一定的差异;堤坝外部土壤C、N、P含量小于堤坝内部,堤坝外部土壤盐度大于堤坝内部;堤坝外部是以盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)和獐毛(Aeluropus sinensis)为主滨海湿地景观,堤坝内部则是以柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)为主的灌草丛景观;保护区内物种丰富度与土壤盐度值呈负相关关系,随着盐度的升高,堤坝外部物种丰富度低于堤坝内部;芦苇(Phragmites australis)体内TC、TN、TP及C︰N︰P与土壤C、N、P含量及C︰N︰P没有明显相关性,而柽柳体内N含量与土壤P含量呈明显负相关关系,说明木本植物比草本植物更加依赖土壤中营养元素的供给。     

艾比湖湿地自然保护区土壤保持生态功能及价值评价

针对艾比湖湿地保护区防风减沙、保持土壤的重要生态服务功能,利用两次实地土样采集、分析数据,以及精河、博乐、乌鲁木齐等相关区域问卷调查结果,综合运用生态经济研究中比较成熟的影子工程法、影子价格法、机会成本法和WTP法,结合研究区客观情况,辅以合理的修正系数,对其进行定量评价。评价结果为:研究区防风减沙、保土保肥的生态价值分别为2.303×108元/a和2.364×108元/a。其中,湿地生态系统在这两项价值中分别占64.26%和0.35%;林草地生态系统分别占35.74%和99.65%。可见,以艾比湖水体为核心的湿地,在研究区防风减沙服务中作用非常突出,它的消长对保护区防风减沙功能影响十分明显。综合得到,研究区减沙保土生态服务的总价值为4.667×108元/a。     

A New Reserve Growth Model for United States Oil and Gas Fields

Reserve (or field) growth, which is an appreciation of total ultimate reserves through time, is a well-recognized phenomenon, particularly in mature petroleum provinces. The importance of forecasting reserve growth accurately in a mature petroleum province made it necessary to develop improved growth functions, and a critical review of the original Arrington method was undertaken. During a five-year (1992–1996), the original Arrington method gave 1.03% higher than the actual oil reserve growth, whereas the proposed modified method gave a value within 0.3% of the actual growth, and therefore it was accepted for the development for reserve growth models.During a five-year (1992–1996), the USGS 1995 National Assessment gave 39.3% higher oil and 33.6% lower gas than the actual growths, whereas the new model based on Modified Arrington method gave 11.9% higher oil and 29.8% lower gas than the actual growths. The new models forecast predict reserve growths of 4.2 billion barrels of oil (2.7%) and 30.2 trillion cubic feet of gas (5.4%) for the conterminous U.S. for the next five years (1997–2001).     

United States Geological Survey's Reserve-Growth Models and Their Implementation

The USGS has developed several mathematical models to forecast reserve growth of fields both in the United States (U.S.) and the world. The models are based on historical reserve growth patterns of fields in the U.S. The patterns of past reserve growth are extrapolated to forecast future reserve growth. Changes of individual field sizes through time are extremely variable, therefore, the reserve growth models take on a statistical approach whereby volumetric changes for populations of fields are used in the models. Field age serves as a measure of the field-development effort that is applied to promote reserve growth. At the time of the USGS World Petroleum Assessment 2000, a reserve growth model for discovered fields of the world was not available. Reserve growth forecasts, therefore, were made based on a model of historical reserve growth of fields of the U.S. To test the feasibility of such an application, reserve growth forecasts were made of 186 giant oil fields of the world (excluding the U.S. and Canada). In addition, forecasts were made for these giant oil fields subdivided into those located in and outside of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The model provided a reserve-growth forecast that closely matched the actual reserve growth that occurred from 1981 through 1996 for the 186 fields as a whole, as well as for both OPEC and non-OPEC subdivisions, despite the differences in reserves definition among the fields of the U.S. and the rest of the world.     

流体包裹体烃类组成特征及对天然气成藏示踪作用——以鄂尔多斯盆地西北部奥陶系为例

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地西北部奥陶系克里摩里组和马四储层溶孔中充填的方解石以及重结晶作用形成的白云石中烃类包裹体鉴定和组成分析认为该区奥陶系储层中气态烃包裹体比较丰富,占30%～40%,以甲烷含量占绝对优势,甲烷含量一般分布在49.2%mol～61.7%mol 之间,重烃含量很低,表明该区曾经发生过天然气的运移聚集。应用热爆裂法打开包裹体对气态烃碳同位素进行了分析,包裹体中甲烷碳同位素比值分布在-34.7‰～-40.0‰,平均为-37.1‰,乙烷碳同位素比值分布在-29.0‰～-31.0‰之间,平均为-30.1‰,包裹体气体碳同位素比较轻,可能主要为高演化阶段的油型气。另外,该区的古地温史模拟数据和测定的包裹体均一温度分布对比研究表明天然气充注期在早白垩世。     

苏州善安浜钽铌矿床矿石特征

苏州善安浜钽铌矿床产于苏州花岗岩向北延伸呈局部隆起的钠长石花岗岩中,上钽下铌特征十分明显,由上而下分为3个矿体。其中Ⅰ矿体是主矿体,为钽矿体,伴生铌;Ⅱ矿体为铌矿体,伴生钽;Ⅲ矿体为铌矿体。主要有用矿物为铌钽铁矿,呈粒间嵌存于钠长石花岗岩基质中,占总量的95.04%。铌钽铁矿的嵌存关系与云母、长石最为密切,占93.99%,极少数与锆石连生。     

新疆塔什库尔干地区柯岗断裂性质及遥感地质解译

柯岗断裂是划分塔里木地块和西昆仑造山带边界断裂,也是分隔铁克里克古陆缘隆起和恰尔隆-库尔良优地槽褶皱带界线断裂.断裂总体呈NW向,弧形展布.运用高分辨率遥感数据对柯岗断裂进行宏观展布分析,通过节理分析、显微构造观察,结合应力分析和构造演化解析,证明柯岗断裂是右行逆冲韧性剪切带.中生代前柯岗断裂为逆冲推覆构造,中生代后逐渐转为韧性剪切带.     

Nature and origin of Triassic igneous activity in the Western Qinling Orogen: the Wenquan composite pluton example

The Western Qinling has been acknowledged to witness superimposed orogeny including north subduction of Paleotethys ocean and collision between North China and South China blocks; however, the precise timing constraints on transition of tectonic regime are remaining enigmatic. The Wenquan composite batholith comprising five phases and mafic enclaves is an ideal example to unlock this puzzle. The host granitoids are felsic, metaluminous to peraluminous, and high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic suite with I-type affinity. The mafic enclaves, however, are intermediate, and high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic. Zircon ages of multiple phases indicate an episodic growth lasting nearly 30 million years ranging from 238, 228, 218 to 208 Ma, consistent to Triassic igneous activity recording a transition regime from a subduction setting to a syn-collision setting and a post-collision setting in Western Qinling. Lead isotopes of whole-rock and K-feldspar at Wenquan and Lu-Hf isotopes of zircons separated from biotite monzogranite porphyry, porphyritic monzogranite, monzogranite porphyry, and hosted mafic enclaves suggest that the heat and the hot mafic melt initiated by the break-off of the northward subducting South China block lithosphere triggered partial melting of the Mesoproterozoic subcontinental lithospheric mantle to produce mafic magmas, and the underplated mafic magmas caused partial melting of the shallow subducted Mesoproterozoic lower crust generating granitic magmas at Wenquan. Combined our field observations and petrology study with a holistic review on previous geochronological and geochemical data of Triassic granitoids throughout the Western Qinling, we in this contribution proposed that the Triassic igneous activity in the Western Qinling corresponding to superimposed orogeny evolved from the northward subduction of Palaeotethys ocean (250–235 Ma) through syn-collision (228–215 Ma) to post-collision (215–185 Ma) between the North China and South China blocks.     

盐城世界生物圈保护区十年评估与启示

中国自然保护区建设已有近60年的历史,并成为我国最有效的保护生物多样性网络。如何对已建自然保护区,特别是快速演变的湿地类型自然保护区的保护成效进行评估已成为我们面临的最紧迫任务之一。中国人与生物圈国家委员会对其认定的保护区开展评估已有多年,但政府部门和学术界对此知之甚少。以中国人与生物圈国家委员会对以盐城世界生物圈保护区十年评估为案例,介绍了该组织对自然保护区保护成效评估方式与过程、特点,提出了我国湿地自然保护区今后如何开展保护成效评估的3点启示:1我国自然保护区事业必需转型到重建设和保护成效的新阶段;2对保护对象的科学研究和长期监测是提高保护成效的重要基础;3要特别重视滨海湿地的保护。