基于Delphi-PSR模型的祁连山国家级自然保护区生态安全评价

祁连山是我国西部重要的生态安全屏障,是国家生态安全核心区和重点治理区。为研究祁连山国家级自然保护区生态安全状况,本文基于该自然保护区的生态系统结构和功能特征,选取24项评价指标,构建PSR(压力—状态—响应)模型,以Delphi经典法确定权重,综合评价2008年、2016年祁连山国家级自然保护区的生态安全状况。结果表明:2008年不安全度为0.1934,处于稍不安全状态;2016年为0.2454,较2008年增加了26.9%,处于很不安全状态。其中,压力因子的不安全度由0.1094升至0.1276,增加了16.6%;状态因子由0.0593升至0.0748,增加了26.1%;响应因子由0.0247升至0.0430,增加了74%;说明响应层面不安全度上升最显著。2008年与2016年相比,人类活动增加及资源过度开发是祁连山保护区生态安全水平下降的主要原因,具体表现在旅游客流量大幅度持续增加、水电和矿产的不合理开发。本研究成果可应用于其他复杂生态系统的安全评价,为国家级自然保护区生态安全提供科学管理和决策依据。     

Implementing marine reserve networks: A comparison of approaches in New South Wales (Australia) and New Zealand

Marine reserve networks are an essential and effective tool for conserving marine biodiversity. They also have an important role in the governance of oceans and the sustainable management of marine resources. The translation of marine reserve network theory into practice is a challenge for conservation practitioners. Barriers to implementing marine reserves include varying levels of political will and agency support and leadership, poorly coordinated marine conservation policy, inconsistencies with the use of legislation, polarised views and opposition from some stakeholders, and difficulties with defining and mapping conservation features. The future success of marine reserve network implementation will become increasingly dependent on: increasing political commitment and agency leadership; greater involvement and collaboration with stakeholders; and the provision of resources to define and map conservation features. Key elements of translating marine reserve theory into implementation of a network of marine reserves are discussed based on approaches used successfully in New Zealand and New South Wales (Australia).     

福建万木林自然保护区米槠和杉木细根分解动态

应用网袋法和砂滤管法对福建省万木林自然保护区米槠、杉木细根及两树种细根混合样品分解进行了为期两年的研究。结果表明：（1）两种方法研究细根分解,米槠细根在自身群落中分解最快,月分解速率分别为0．0052（0～1mm）和0．0080（1～2mm）。此外,米槠细根及其混合样品在米槠林中分解,1～2mm径级分解快于0～1mm径级;而杉木细根及其混合样品在杉木林中分解,规律相反。林地土壤环境条件、各径级细根自身的质量特性是影响细根分解的主要因子。（2）两种方法所得结果均能应用Olso负指数方程进行较好的拟合,拟合的各项指标相近。在亚热带森林生态系统中,运用砂滤管法研究细根分解具有可行性。此外,砂滤管法研究细根分解过程中养分的释放规律,具有一定的应用前景。     

定襄泉水氡正常和异常动态特征及其相互关系的研究

系统分析了定襄泉水氡的正常与异常的动态变化。 定襄水氡具有“正弓型”年变化; 依据其主要的影响因素, 一个水文年内可分出气温影响期和降水-径流影响期; 水氡还有季节性短期变化和多年周期变化。 采用“改进从属函数法”, 其定襄水氡异常与华北多次强震有明显对应关系; 前兆异常变化具有破年变、 相关关系改变及多年周期性等特点, 可作为震兆性质的动态判断标志; 正常与异常动态有着相同与不同点, 表明两者间具有一定的成因联系。     

Litter dynamics and forest structure of the introduced Sonneratia caseolaris mangrove forest in Shenzhen, China

For the purpose of mangrove restoration in China, Sonneratia caseolaris has been introduced and planted in Guangdong Province outside and north of its native habitat, Hainan Province. We monitored the litter fall and forest structure of this S. caseolaris forest in Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China, from 1996 to 2005. The annual fluctuation in litter fall increased with increases in air temperature from spring to early summer, and reached a maximum in autumn when the fruits matured. The total litter fall was significantly affected by air temperature, day length, and evaporation, rainfall in the previous month and by typhoons. In 1998, the sixth year after cultivation, the total litter production of the mature S. caseolaris forest significantly increased. The mean annual total litter production during 1998–2005 was 15.1 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, among which, leaves and reproductive materials contributed more than 80% of the total. During the ten years of study, the DBH (diameter at 1.30 m from ground level) and tree height of S. caseolaris increased from 5.2 cm to 18.3 cm, and from 4.5 m to 13.4 m, respectively. The litter fall production was strongly correlated with forest structure parameters, such as DBH, tree height, and crown area. The R value (the ratio of the maximum total litter fall to the minimum in the same community during the investigation periods) of S. caseolaris in the present study was 1.98, indicating a low annual variation of litter fall during these ten years.     

Analyzing the habitat suitability for migratory birds at the Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve in Shanghai,China

The Dongtan Nature Reserve, one of the largest nature reserves in East Asia, is located in the mouth of the Yangtze Estuary and is an important habitat for migratory birds. The Dongtan wetlands were listed in the Chinese Protected Wetlands in 1992, and were designated as internationally important under the Ramsar Wetlands Convention in 2001 and as a national nature reserve in 2005. By their very nature and location, the estuarine and coastal habitats are dynamic and their biodiversity conservation and management relies on up-to-date spatial information. By establishing qualitative and quantitative relationships between bird populations and key habitat factors such as elevation, land cover type, tidal creek density and macrophytobenthos biomass, we developed an object-oriented image approach, in conjunction with Geographical Information Systems and the data from current field surveys, to analyze and assess the habitat suitability for the main types of birds, namely Anatidae, Charadriidae, Ardeidae and Laridae, at the reserve. The results from this study showed that about 40% of the total area of the Dongtan Reserve contained suitable habitats for these four bird families. The Scirpus mariqueter zone, mudflat zone, and tidal creeks were the most important habitats for these birds. This study indicated the potential of this approach for objective and effective evaluation of the species habitat suitability in a dynamic estuarine and coastal area. The implications of the results as a tool for biodiversity conservation, wetland conservation, and ecosystem management are discussed.     

厦门黄厝文昌鱼保护区监测与研究

本文报道了１９９４年７月至１９９５年７月厦门黄厝文昌鱼自然保护区的监测结果。表明该区文昌鱼的数量较大，（平均密度１４２尾／ｍ＾２，平均生物量８．１０ｇ／ｍ＾２），体长组成以１１－４０ｍｍ为多，其性成熟主要在４月上、中旬，生殖期集中在４月下旬至５月上旬；文昌鱼栖息地义南类型以粗中砂为主，有机质含量较低，平均０．１４（ｍ／ｍ）；区内底栖生物５８种，种类以多毛类，软体动物和甲壳动物为主，数量则以棘皮动物     

Effects of crude oil contamination on soil physical and chemical properties in Momoge wetland of China

Large oilfields are often coincidentally located in major river deltas and wetlands, and potentially damage the structure, function and ecosystem service values of wetlands during oil exploration. In the present study, the effects of crude oil contamination during oil exploration on soil physical and chemical properties were investigated in marshes of the Momoge National Nature Reserve in Jilin Province, China. The concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the marsh soil near the oil wells are significantly higher than those in the adjacent control marsh. Soil water contents in oil-contaminated marshes are negatively correlated with soil temperature and are significantly lower than those in the control area, especially in fall. Crude oil contamination significantly increases the soil pH up to 8.0, and reduces available phosphorus concentrations in the soil. The concentrations of total organic carbon are significantly different among sampling sites. Therefore, crude oil contamination could potentially alkalinize marsh soils, adversely affect soil fertility and physical properties, and cause deterioration of the marshes in the Momoge National Nature Reserve. Phyto-remediation by planting Calamagrostis angustifolia has the potential to simultaneously restore and remediate the petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated wetlands. Crude oil contamination affects the soil physical and chemical properties, so developing an effective restoration program in the Momoge wetland is neccesary.     

衡水湖保护区的基本特点及其有效管理

衡水湖保护区原为一片天然湿地,经过长期反复的放水、蓄水工程,原来的水文系统已遭破坏,自然河流的水源补充几乎枯竭,只能靠引水来维护湿地的存在。但华北平原特别是衡水市非常需要这片湿地提供其工业和农业灌溉用水以及作为潜在饮用水的水源。本文就衡水湖保护区管理目标、保护任务、科研监测、资源利用等现状,提出了保护区有效管理的方法和途径。     

1979～2006年洪泽湖西岸临淮镇附近湖泊变化研究

利用1979年、1988年和2006年多时相遥感影像数据,结合地面实况数据和其他辅助数据,研究1979～2006年间洪泽湖西岸临淮镇附近湖泊的变化,在地物遥感分类的基础上,计算湖泊变化频度,分析湖泊变化的原因.结果表明,湖泊水深变浅和围垦养殖是导致洪泽湖西岸临淮镇附近湖泊变化的主要原因.1979～1988年期间,洪泽湖西岸临淮镇大闸口附近的湖泊部分变化最大,昔日生长着挺水植物的湖泊变成了养殖池塘.1979～1988年期间,江苏泗洪洪泽湖湿地国家级自然保护区核心区的湖泊部分变化很小,1988～2006年期间,原来湖中的浮水植物逐渐为挺水植物所取代,生长沉水植物的湖泊部分相对比较稳定.研究发现,临淮镇东南方向湖区在过去有大量的挺水植物生长,但是1988年后,这些生长着挺水植物的湖泊被开垦成围网养殖区.临淮镇南面和王沙岛西部生长着沉水植物的湖泊水域基本没有变化.