美国国家公园系统保护区规模的变化特征及其原因分析

美国国家公园系统的保护区其规模具有随保护区类型、建设时间和地区分布的不同而变化的特征。自然保护思想和保护区建设中土地的可获得性是形成上述特征的主要因素。其中自然保护思想对保护区规模大小有指导作用，而土地的可获得性则直接影响保护区面积。     

南京市优势矿产资源及其开发利用战略

南京市是长江下游在城市，长江下游第一大港口，地理上具有明显的区位优势，好的未来目标是建成国际大都市。南京经济基础好，特别是矿产产品加工业，建筑业这，这是未来经济腾飞的重要条件。而矿产资源又是发展原材料工业的重要基础，南京市矿产资源较丰富，如何发展来本地经济发展服务是摆在我们面前的重大课题。本文就南京市优势资源开发利用战略提出一点看法，供制定发展规划参考。     

From feeding the locals to selling the locale: Adapting local sustainable food projects in Niagara to neocommunitarianism and neoliberalism

This paper traces attempts to foster local, sustainable food projects in Niagara, Canada as part of community economic development (CED) projects during two distinct periods of provincial governance. In the first period (1990-1995), social democratic government support for local sustainable food projects through CED can be understood as neocommunitarian in nature. During this time there was a concerted attempt to link local people with access to local food and also to support a relationship between local food projects and agri-tourism. I argue that this neocommunitarian policy was an accommodation to a wider and more global neoliberal hegemony and was underlain by a romanticism of petty commodity production and a tenuous link to social and ecological sustainability. In the second period of governance (beginning in 1995) the progressive conservative government led by Mike Harris pursued particularly virulent, revanchist forms of neoliberal governance. With many of their state supports slashed, Niagara NGOs and activists turned, and were pushed, to more market-led, elitist forms of local food projects and agri-tourism. In these latter food projects, the practices of ecological and social sustainability were significantly hollowed out and their local and light green nature was harnessed as accumulation strategies. The paper is based on interviews conducted in the year 2003 with people involved in various urban and rural food projects (including community gardening, community supported agriculture, local/seasonal cuisine, organic/ecological farming and food box programs).     

Nation building and resource management: The politics of ‘nature’ in Timor Leste

This paper examines the role of custom and tradition in the process of nation building and resource management in post-independence Timor Leste (East Timor). While customary land tenure is alluded to but not explicitly recognized under the Timorese Constitution, it is clearly stated that all natural resources are owned by the State. However, this paper argues that rather than waiting for the government to create land and resource management related laws, local people in Timor Leste are making and remaking their own laws, mobilizing their customary practices and, increasingly, ‘performing’ their traditions in public demonstrations of their extant capacities. In part, this process can be read as a way of enticing in outsiders, making them a party to the law making process, a witness to its legitimacy. Often critical to such processes, is the ability of local level leaders to draw in outsiders through their engagements with the idea of ‘nature’ – a concept which allows diverse interests to come together in conversation and build relationships despite what is often a dissonance in the meanings and priorities attributed to the concept (see Tsing, A.L., 2005. Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection. Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford). The paper focuses on a view from the margins – Tutuala in the far east of the country – and ways in which this community is attempting to both resist and embrace the developmental hegemony of a centrist state. This, it is argued, is a case which demonstrates the power of the local (both ritually and politically) to shape and intervene in the national development process and the associated discourses of nature preservation.     

喀斯特森林雨水的地球化学特征——以贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区为例

贵州茂兰喀斯特原始森林地区25个雨水样品的化学组成研究表明,该区雨水的pH值为4．4～7．2,平均为5．1。雨水样品富NH4^＋、Ca^2＋和SO4^2-、C1^-。NH4^＋是最主要的阳离子,平均值为56．8／μmol／L,占阳离子组成的26％～74％,Ca^2＋次之,平均值为14．8μmol／L,NHg和Ca^2＋之和占了阳离子组成的71％～94％,SO4^2-是最主要的阴离子,平均值为39．2μmol／L,占了阴离子组成的69％～91％,CI一次之,平均值为9．5μmol／L。SO4^2-和C1-占了阴离子组成的71％～96％。与中国其他地区的雨水样品相比,茂兰地区雨水离子含量要低1～2个数量级;物质来源分析表明茂兰地区雨水中溶质主要来源于自然过程的输入,人为活动输入可以忽略不计。     

人与自然相互作用最优化的哲学分析

本文从哲学角度分析了人与自然的关系,阐述了人依赖作用于自然,但失去控制的作用必然加剧人与自然的矛盾,破坏人类自下而上环境。为此,人类要寻求人与自然相互作用的最优化,实现人与自然的协调发展。     

Barnacle distribution in Lough Hyne Marine Nature Reserve: a new baseline and an account of invasion by the introduced Australasian species Elminius modestus Darwin

The distribution and abundances of the following species of barnacles were established in autumn 2001 within the Lough Hyne Marine Nature Reserve: Cthamalus stellatus, Cthamalus montagui, Semibalanus balanoides, Elminius modestus, Balanus crenatus and Verruca stroemia. The results of the survey showed a clear distinction between the vertical distribution and the abundance of barnacle species inside Lough Hyne, and those sites sampled in the Rapids and outside the Lough. The Lough is now dominated by the introduced Australasian species E. modestus. This species was first recorded outside Lough Hyne in 1956. By 1988 it was found occasionally throughout the Lough, and appreciable numbers were recorded in 1990–1991. It has now replaced all other species in some parts of the North Basin. At sites subject to freshwater influence it is totally dominant, including in the highly sheltered Goleen site where intertidal barnacles have not previously been recorded. It is suggested that, once established in the North Basin, the sheltered nature of the Lough, combined with high summer temperatures and limited circulation, fostered retention of larvae and heavy spatfall of E. modestus.     

大青沟国家自然保护区地面苔藓植物分布格局

用双向指示种分析（TWINSPAN）、除趋势对应分析（DCA）和典范对应分析（CCA）研究了大青沟国家自然保护区32个样地36种地面生苔藓植物分布格局。TWINSPAN和DCA分析结果显示,地面生苔藓植物群落可以分成双色真藓（Bryum bicolor）-小石藓（Weissia controversa）群落、西伯利亚瘤冠苔（Mannia sibirica）+小石藓（Weissia controversa）群落、密叶绢藓短柄变种（Entodon compressus var.zikaiwiensis）-密叶绢藓（Entodon compressus）+反扭藓（Timmiella anomala）群落、绒叶青藓（Brachythecium velutinum）-鳞叶藓（Taxiphyllum taxirameum）+尖叶匐灯藓（Plagiomnium cuspidatum）群落和地钱（Marchantia polymorpha）+曲肋薄网藓（Leptodictyum humile）-鳞叶藓（Taxiphyllum taxirameum）-柳叶藓（Amblystegium serpens）+平肋提灯藓（Mnium laevinerve）群落5组,对应分布在羊草（Leymus chinensis）草地、西伯利亚杏（Prunus sibirica）灌丛、大果榆（Ulmus macrocarpa）林、蒙古栎（Quercus mongolica）林和水曲柳（Fraxinus mandschuria）林。CCA分析结果显示,影响苔藓植物分布的主要因子有土壤水分、乔木盖度、空气湿度、凋落物盖度、草本层盖度等。     

泽州猕猴自然保护区土地利用／覆被及景观格局变化研究

文中以2007年第二次全国土地调查和2015年地理国情普查所提供高分辨率地表覆盖数据为主要信息源,采用地理信息系统技术和景观生态学数量分析相结合的方法对2007—2015年泽州猕猴自然保护区土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)、景观格局变化及其驱动力进行研究分析。结果表明,近8年来,受人为、经济发展和政策因素影响,泽州猕猴自然保护区整体景观破碎度增强,形状更加规律化、简单化,景观分布聚集度变大,生态连通性增强,多样性减少。研究结果为泽州猕猴自然保护区生态系统的健康发展、生态环境的改善与经济社会的和谐发展提供参考。     

基于卫星遥感的潮滩植被、高程、潮沟空间关系探讨-以崇明东滩为例

The analysis of vegetation-environment relationships has always been a study hotspot in ecology. A number of biotic, hydrologic and edaphic factors have great influence on the distribution of macrophytes within salt marsh.Since the exotic species Spartina alterniflora(S. alterniflora) was introduced in 1995, a rapid expansion has occurred at Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve(CDNR) in the Changjiang(Yangtze) River Estuary, China.Several important vegetation-environment factors including soil elevation, tidal channels density(TCD),vegetation classification and fractional vegetation cover(FVC) were extracted by remote sensing method combined with field measurement. To ignore the details in interaction between biological and physical process,the relationship between them was discussed at a large scale of the whole saltmarsh. The results showed that Scirpus mariqueter(S. mariqueter) can endure the greatest elevation variance with 0.33 m throughout the marsh in CDNR. But it is dominant in the area less than 2.5 m with the occurrence frequency reaching 98%. S. alterniflora has usually been found on the most elevated soils higher than 3.5 m but has a narrow spatial distribution. The rapid decrease of S. mariqueter can be explained by stronger competitive capacity of S. alterniflora on the high tidal flat. FVC increases with elevation which shows significant correlation with elevation(r=0.30, p0.001). But the frequency distribution of FVC indicates that vegetation is not well developed on both elevated banks near tidal channels from the whole scale mainly due to tidal channel lateral swing and human activities. The significant negative correlation(r=–0.20, p0.001) was found between FVC and TCD, which shows vegetation is restricted to grow in higher TCD area corresponding to lower elevation mainly occupied by S. mariqueter communities. The maximum occurrence frequency of this species reaches to 97% at the salt marsh with TCD more than 8 m/m2.