南麂列岛国家海洋自然保护区微,小型藻类生态研究：Ⅰ.种类组成与生态特点

本文对南麂列岛国家海洋自然保护区微、小型藻类的种类组成、生态类群、分布特点等进行了较详细的分析研究。经鉴定共有微、小型藻类４５９种,在海水和海洋底栖沉积物中发现的有２８３种;泥滩、沙滩、岩礁潮间带中发现的有２８１种;两者共同出现的有１０５种。其中,硅藻类占７１．２４％,蓝藻类占１３．９４％,甲藻类占１２．６４％,绿藻类和金藻类分别占１．５３％和０．６５％。这些种类大都为本区的新记录,为我国海洋微、小型藻类首次记录的有３０种。根据种类组成、分布特点和温度性质,划分为三个生态类群：广布性类群、暖水性类群、温带性类群。此外,根据生境或生活方式不同,划分为两个生态类群：海洋浮游藻类、海洋底栖藻类或附生藻类;根据盐度的不同,又可划分为：淡水藻类、半咸水藻类、海洋藻类;还可以根据藻类个体大小的不同,划分为两个生态类群：海洋微型藻类、海洋小型藻类。     

辽东山地老秃顶子古冰缘地貌植物种群生态位特征

基于48块样地的群落调查数据,以样地代表多种资源的综合状态,以物种重要值作为生态位计测的状态指标,采用Levins指数与Schoener指数,对辽东山地老秃顶子古冰缘地貌植物群落乔木层、灌木层及草本层植物的生态位特征进行了系统研究。结果表明：① 乔木层内臭冷杉（Abies nephrolepis）生态位宽度最大,为泛化乔木种;臭冷杉与长白鱼鳞云杉（Picea jezoensis var. komarovii）的生态位重叠值高达0.616,共优生存于暗针叶林中。② 灌木层内生态位宽度较大的狗枣猕猴桃（Actinidia kolomikta）、单花忍冬（Lonicera subhispida）、大翅卫矛（Euonymus macropterus）和关东丁香（Syringa velutina）为落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林下的泛化种;狗枣猕猴桃与单花忍冬的生态位重叠值高达0.610。③ 草本层内生态位宽度较大的东北羊角芹（Aegopodium alpestre）、荨麻叶龙头草（Meehania urticifolia）、酢浆草（Oxalis corniculata）为研究区泛化草本植物;东北羊角芹与荨麻叶龙头草的生态位重叠值高达0.702。     

会泽黑颈鹤自然保护区管理系统的设计与实现

为了实时掌握保护区珍稀动物的分布、生长情况和数量信息,该文以会泽黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区为研究对象,基于移动GIS和WebGIS技术构建会泽自然保护区信息管理系统。该系统以高清遥感影像为数据支持,将ArcGIS Server地图缓存技术融入其中,通过移动GIS进行自然保护区巡护信息采集并上传到后台服务器,采用WebGIS技术在网络客户端实时对后台服务器数据进行下载更新,从而实现移动端和网络端的信息同步。应用效果表明这种移动化、网络化的数据采集和管理模式,使自然保护区保护黑颈鹤及其越冬地的湿地生态环境工作更加科学、合理。     

海南省麒麟菜自然保护区的资源分布、存在问题与保护对策

海南省麒麟菜自然保护区由文昌和琼海两个省级麒麟菜自然保护区合并而成,面积17 517 hm~2。区域内资源丰富,有麒麟菜2种,面积19.40 km~2,平均覆盖度0.54%;造礁石珊瑚75种,分布面积约92.34km~2,平均覆盖率10.21%;海草8种,面积约46.16 km~2,平均覆盖度35.15%。目前保护区存在功能区划缺失、重点保护对象缺位、保护区域重叠、管理力度不足及区域内资源退化严重等问题。提出了调整保护区结构、开放实验区参观考察和旅游功能以及健全保护区管理等相关建议,以期为海南省海洋保护区的建设与发展提供参考。     

基于知识工程师的崇明岛东滩自然保护区盐沼植被分类研究

以崇明东滩自然保护区盐沼植被为研究对象,利用Landsat TM遥感图像,结合现场调查和前人关于东滩时空动态变化的研究结果,确定崇明岛东滩主要分布的盐沼植被类型,提出了基于知识工程师的植被分类方法。与常规非监督和监督分类相比,该方法的精度较高,总体精度为92.35%,kappa系数为0.9072,而非监督分类和监督分类(最大似然法)的总体精度分别为86.92%和89.10%。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效地对研究区植被进行分类与识别,可为实现盐沼植被的自动提取提供理论依据和有效的方法途径。     

Factors that influence the entry–exit decision and intensity of participation of fishing fleet for the Galapagos lobster fishery

The Galapagos Islands are a prime example of a place where fishery management policies have been established without first understanding the behavior of fishermen. Since the creation of the Galapagos Marine Reserve in 1998, there has not been a single study in the archipelago that investigates fishing behavior and the factors affecting this behavior. This paper addresses this gap in the literature by describing and analyzing the decisions of the fishing fleet for the red spiny lobster fishery. It focuses on factors that affect the short-term decisions regarding both participation and intensity of participation in the lobster fishery. This paper finds that the fishing fleet in the Galapagos Islands behaves as profit maximizing firms, because they consider all the benefits and costs that affect both their participation decision as well as their decision about how frequently to be active after they have decided to participate. The results also show that there is a large latent effort in the lobster fisheries that could threaten the sustainability of any initiatives aimed at increasing catchability, prices, or markets. It is expected that this analysis will be valuable to policy makers when designing or improving the management plans for Galapagos fisheries.     

A remote sensing-based analysis on the impact of Wenchuan Earthquake on the core value of World Nature Heritage Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuary

In this study,we used remotely sensed data,GIS modeling,and statistical methods to evaluate the damage caused by the Wenchuan Earthquake (May 12,2008) to the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) habitat in the World Nature Heritage Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuary (WHSGPS) in China.A landscape ecological analysis found increases of landscape heterogeneity,complexity,and fragmentation in the giant panda habitat after the earthquake.A terrain analysis found that slope and elevation are directly associated with t...     

Artificial Marine Micro‐Reserves Networks (AMMRNs): an innovative approach to conserve marine littoral biodiversity and protect endangered species

Coastal engineering works, especially the outer breakwaters of ports where environmental conditions are usually good, often constitute new habitats for marine littoral species. Their potential indirect contribution to the regeneration and conservation of protected species opens up a new perspective in protection of marine biodiversity. This is particularly true when these works harbour, as we show here, important reproductive populations of species that are threatened or even in danger of extinction. We provide integrated data on protected marine species in Southern Iberia established on different substrata (quarried dolomitic rocks, concrete cubic blocks, concrete tetrapods and vertical concrete walls) that are used in the construction of artificial levees that could potentially be Artificial Marine Micro‐Reserves (AMMRs). We also present the first evidence of the ‘reserve effect’ in potential AMMRs and we discuss the need for the creation of AMMRs including their effective networking (AMMRNs), supporting data for which has been observed by studying coastal facilities subjected to strict access restrictions (for security reasons, not conservation). These facilities have acted as valuable proxies and, in reality, potentially act as AMMRs, as well as having a role in helping to detect and control invasive species. We discuss the ecological engineering aspects related to the design and type of materials used in coastal constructions with a view to aiding the integration of these into existing coastal ecosystems as well as promoting greater settlement of species and therefore increases in biodiversity. Finally, the environmental implications of AMMRNs within the future implementation strategy of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60 EC are also discussed.     

鸭绿江下游江心洲资源与鸟类保护

鸭绿江下游有江心洲53个,其中中方有13个。江心洲是鸟类南北迁徙的脚踏石,是许多动物繁殖的斑块,是城市重要的景观资源,同时也是中朝两国间的重要战略资源。中方许多大型岛屿都已被开发成工业园区、住宅、高尔夫球场或旅游度假村,旅游开发使岛上原有高耸、茂密的植被遭到破坏,相关珍稀鸟类消失,公众利益变成私有财产,暂时的经济税收取代了长久的生态价值。建议加强江心洲及相关各类资源的保护,实施森林岛屿的生态重建和修复,注重存在价值及非消耗性利用,树立保护即利用的辩证唯物主义资源价值观,使江心洲成为镶嵌在鸭绿江上的绿色宝石。     

Assessment of the hydrological status of Doñana dune ponds: a natural World Heritage Site under threat

ABSTRACT

The hydrological response of shallow ponds to groundwater withdrawal has been of growing concern in the Doñana National Park (southern Spain) in recent decades. This study examines the role of groundwater in maintaining the hydroperiod (i.e. the hydrological regime) in the park’s main dune ponds, by quantifying the groundwater fluxes to/from them. The hydrological characterization was performed by applying different methodologies. Daily hydrological balances registered in the ponds revealed groundwater contributions ranging from 80% of the total water inflows (i.e. groundwater discharge) to a net groundwater recharge from the ponds to the aquifer, and enabled the studied water bodies to be classified as discharge or recharge systems. The recharge systems must have been influenced by the lowering of piezometric levels due to groundwater extraction for urban supply in a nearby coastal resort.