The Thames Embankment and the disciplining of nature in modernity

The embanking of the Thames was an emblematic stage in the construction of modernity's discourse of 'the natural', re-engineering the river as a concrete framing of nature between the embankment walls and a representational framing of the natural within an engineering ideology. The legitimacy of embanking's control was, therefore, about both physical mechanisms and a particular discourse of the natural, but the Thames embankments did not merely reflect modernity's discourse - they actively helped mould it. The creation of a discourse of embanking was slow and hesitant, the product of the interplay between the subsidiary discourses of urban improvement and sanitarianism, and an opposing discourse of tradition. When built, the embankments acted as a fixed, ordered boundary between the cultured nature of the drained, commodified land, and the regulated liveliness of the river. They acted literally and figuratively to sever culture from a nature that was enclosed and tamed by embankment walls.     

多年冻土区铁路通风路基室内模型试验的温度场特征

根据多年冻土区铁路通风结构路基室内模型试验的研究, 分析了模型路基典型部位的温度随时间的变化情况, 及整个路基3个典型断面在冻结期结束和融化期结束时的温度场特征. 结果表明: 路基底部温度变化与气温变化趋势不一致; 路基上部温度变化与气温变化趋势一致, 但存在滞后现象; 沿着风向方向, 在冻结期, 路基温度分布比较对称, 但在融化期, 就形成不对称分布; 除了在通风管中部上方小部分有明显不同外,通过通风管中心轴断面的温度场特征与两通风管间断面的温度场分布特征在同一时刻是相似的.     

河流侵蚀淤积环境地质问题研究--以福建九龙江晋江为例

河流或流水的侵蚀淤积是改造地质环境的最重要因素之一。利用遥感技术和时空对比分析等监测手段来揭示地质环境的这种快速变化，以及对人类生存环境所产生的深远影响是未来环境地质研究的热点和难点问题。近年来随着城市堤防和护岸工程的逐步完善，河流侵蚀淤积作用强度，在一定程度上得到了缓解。但河流的侵蚀淤积地质作用仍占主导地位，由其引发的环境地质问题仍需进一步深入研究。地质构造作用，控制河流的走向和流势；河流水文特征，决定河流地质作用的主要时期；河谷地貌形态，可以改变河流的侵蚀、淤积作用性质；岸坡岩土性质。影响河流沿岸边坡的稳定性；人类工程活动，改变了河流的自然形态和水文泥沙过程，导致新的河床冲淤变化。河流侵蚀淤积环境地质问题主要表现在：(1)河岸侵蚀岸线后移，危及岸边居民建(构)筑物，以及交通、能源、农田、水利等公共设施的安全；(2)河床淤积河道变浅，排洪、泻洪能力下降，影响航运并造成洪水泛滥；(3)河口淤积造成港湾功能的严重退化，影响港口城市的可持续发展。     

Modelling of the retreat process of composite riverbank in the Jingjiang Reach using the improved BSTEM

Bank retreat in the Jingjiang Reach is closely related not only to the near‐bank intensity of fluvial erosion but also to the composition and mechanical properties of bank soils. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly simulate bank retreat to determine the characteristics of fluvial processes in the Jingjiang Reach. The current version of bank stability and toe erosion model (5.4) was improved to predict riverbank retreat, by inputting a dynamic water table, and calculating the approximation of the distribution of dynamic pore water pressure in the soil near the river bank face, and considering the depositional form of the failed blocks, which is assumedly based on a triangular distribution, with the slope approximately equalling the stable submerged bank slope and half of collapsed volume deposited in the bank‐toe region. The degrees of riverbank stability at Jing34 were calculated using the improved bank stability and toe erosion model. The results indicate the following trends: (a) the degrees of riverbank stability were high during the dry season and the rising stage, which led to minimal bank failure, and (b) the stability degrees were low during the flood season and the recession stage, with the events of bank collapse occurring frequently, which belonged to a stage of intensive bank erosion. Considering the effects of bank‐toe erosion, water table lag, and the depositional form of the collapsed bank soil, the bank‐retreat process was simulated at the right riverbank of Jing34. The model‐predicted results exhibit close agreement with the measured data, including the total bank‐retreat width and the collapsed bank profile. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the quantitative effects of toe erosion and water table lag on the degree of bank stability. The calculated results for toe erosion indicate that the amount of toe erosion was largest during the flood season, which was a primary reason for bank failure. The influence of water table lag on the degree of stability demonstrates that water table lag was an important cause of bank failure during the recession stage.     

三峡工程运用后荆江段崩岸过程及特点

为研究近期荆江段崩岸过程及特点,利用实测水下地形图及固定断面资料,分析了三峡工程运用前后该河段平面及断面的形态变化过程。平面形态对比结果表明:2002-2013年荆江段多年平均崩退速率约为15.0 m/a,崩岸总长达42.3 km,左岸占59.2%;下荆江岸线崩长约为上荆江的2.2倍,且石首、调关及荆江门等河湾凸岸一侧受低含沙水流长期冲刷不断崩退,其岸线崩长约占下荆江崩岸总长的35.5%。断面形态对比结果显示:2002-2015年荆江段约有21%断面存在明显的崩岸现象,且近74%的崩岸断面位于下荆江。故近期荆江段崩岸分布规律主要表现为左岸多于右岸,下荆江多于上荆江,且下荆江部分河湾凸岸崩退显著。定量分析了河岸土体组成与分布、来水来沙条件等因素对崩岸过程的影响,发现来水来沙条件的影响占主导地位。建立了上、下荆江典型断面平滩河宽与前期水沙条件之间的经验关系,除工程守护良好的断面外,相关系数均高于0.85,提出的经验公式可较好反映水沙条件变化对平滩河宽调整的影响。     

煤矸石质固土材料在固化土中的应用研究

为充分利用采煤过程中的废弃物煤矸石,并支持我国碳中和政策,湖南安邵高速公路K128+573—K128+740填方路段采用煤矸石进行填筑,并以格宾网加筋来增强煤矸石路堤边坡的稳定性。基于煤矸石化学成分、级配情况掌握其基本特性,并通过大型直接剪切仪获得格宾网加筋煤矸石的界面剪切特征。借助有限差分软件分析加筋及加筋方式对加筋煤矸石路堤稳定性的影响。结果表明：击实后煤矸石的颗粒级配得到有效改善,曲率系数从4.20变为1.28,有助于满足路堤填筑要求;通过格宾网加筋,煤矸石内摩擦角从35.0°增至40.2°,残余强度衰减率降低;煤矸石路堤边坡坡角水平位移显著减小,有效约束了边坡的变形,且随着路堤高度的增加,加筋效果更为明显;格宾网铺设间距越小,煤矸石路堤边坡安全系数越高,其横向铺设长度存在最优值;对于本工程而言,建议加筋间距、长度分别为3、8 m。随着煤矸石弹性模量的改变,其加筋边坡的稳定性变化并不明显;而当增大格宾网筋材的拉伸模量,格宾网加筋煤矸石路堤边坡的稳定性显著增大。     

基于随机有限元的堤防渗透失稳概率分析

基于随机有限元理论进行了堤防渗透失稳概率分析,探讨了渗透系数变异性、洪水位变化、堤防几何尺寸变化对渗透失稳概率的影响。结果表明,随着渗透变异系数的增加,渗透失稳概率基本呈线性增长,当变异系数增大到一定程度时渗透失稳概率保持不变,随后略有下降;随着汛期水位的升高,堤防渗透失稳的概率不断变大;渗透失稳概率随着堤防坡度变陡而不断地增加,尤其是在堤防坡比大于1：2.5时,其渗透失稳概率增加得非常快。     

高填方加筋黄土路堤稳定性的有限元分析

采用有限元法对国内最高(62 m)的山西北张沟加筋黄土高填路堤稳定性进行了数值模拟,对其最大主应力、最小主应力、剪应力和塑性破坏区及其变形进行了计算,然后将其计算结果与未加筋路堤相比较,得出高填方加筋黄土路堤及地基变形特性和应力特性的变化规律。结果表明,由于加筋的作用,降低了黄土高路堤的变形,提高了其稳定性。这与现场沉降观测结果基本一致。     

三峡工程运用后荆江河段崩岸时空分布及其对河床调整的影响

三峡工程运用后长江中游荆江河段河床持续冲刷,局部河段崩岸频发,影响河道内悬沙输移与河床形态调整.本研究采用实测长程河道地形及固定断面地形资料,确定了2002-2018年荆江河段的主要崩岸区域,估算了崩岸土体的泥沙总量,进而定量分析了河岸崩退对河床调整的影响.计算结果表明:荆江段累计河岸崩退体积约为2.0亿m3,约占该河...     

三角形周期荷载作用下软基路堤沉降研究

采用能够同时考虑主次固结变形的Yin-Graham一维弹黏塑性模型,对三角形周期荷载作用下软土路堤运行期间和运行期结束时的长期沉降进行了理论分析,获得三角形周期荷载作用下软基路堤运行期结束时的总沉降计算公式和工后沉降计算公式。分析了三角形周期荷载作用下软基不考虑流固耦合与考虑流固耦合时长期沉降之间的相互关系,证明了三角形周期荷载作用下当循环荷载次数趋向于无穷大时软基具有最终沉降量与应力随时间增长的模式无关的性质。按照文中提供的总沉降计算公式,针对具体工程的土工参数,对路堤运行期结束时的总沉降量进行了计算,并由此确定运行期开始时软基应发生的沉降量,为合理确定高速公路路面铺筑时机提供沉降标准。