市域空间发展类型区划分的方法探讨 ——-以江苏省仪征市为例

市域空间发展类型区划分是新时期我国从空间管治角度落实科学发展观的重要举措。 这一工作一方面是我国既有区划工作的延续,另一方面又隐含着重大的方法论创新的内在需 求,即需要由原来的基于均质区域背景的区划论升格为基于均质区域与功能区域并重的新的区划论。为此,我们专门开发了适合于空间发展类型区划分的信息系统(SPIS),以解决不同类型因子的空间赋值以及分值迭加问题,尤其是侧重解决不同等级、不同形态的服务设施, 基于路网结构的不同类型、不同方式、不同半径的空间扩散的技术实现问题,在此基础上首次提出了空间发展类型区划分的指标判别法和指标迭加法,并以仪征为例进行了空间发展类型区划分的有效尝试。由于以自己开发的专用软件为定量分析工具,故整个区划过程公开透明,提供了从原始资料的收集、整理、分析、系统处理、多方案比较的动态分析过程,从而为空间发展类型区划分的科学性、规范性,以及有深度的定量分析提供了方法论角度的探索。     

耦合适应力的福州市高温脆弱性评估

全球气候变化导致极端高温发生区域不断增加,高温给自然环境和人类社会带来的负面效应不断扩大,严重影响了城市复合人地系统的脆弱性。适应是应对极端高温的重要行动,耦合适应力因素的城市高温脆弱性研究已成为国际热点和研究前沿。本文以中国代表性高温城市福州为例,利用专家评估、AHP法、地理空间分析技术,结合实地问卷调查和有序多分类Logistic回归分析等方法,重构耦合适应力的城市高温脆弱性空间评价指标体系,通过对福州市高温脆弱性和适应力的影响因素、空间分异特征、热点地区和尺度间依赖进行研究,系统评估了福州市高温脆弱性。结果表明：① 年龄、住房面积、外出纳凉频率、健康状况、医疗便利程度和政府缓解高温力度等6个指标对福州市居民高温适应力水平具有显著影响;② 福州市高温脆弱性、暴露性和适应力的空间分布均呈现“核心—外围”空间结构,高温脆弱性呈现“半包围式”的“外高内低”的空间特征;③ 在城市区域高温暴露性和易损性相同的背景下,从个体人到社区和城市层面的主动适应高温的能力,将显著改变城市高温脆弱性的空间分布。研究结果以期推动城市高温脆弱性研究的理论发展,并为福州市及同类型高温城市的高温脆弱性评估、调控和适应提供决策参考。     

新郑农村经济发展与土地使用制度的关系

考察了新郑农村经济变革的历程后，发现农村经济的发展变化与土地使用制度有密切关系。研究认为这种关系的内在机制是土地收益的分配方式；当前土地使用中存在的主要问题是土地浪费和利用粗放；原因仍是土地制度中存在着弊端。文章最后提出了完善土地使用制度的对策是搞活土地使用权，试行农用土地租赁制。     

Exports and Growth: Learning from the Case of Southern U.S. Metropolitan Areas

The relationship between exports and economic growth is a paradigmatic element of modern economic growth policy, despite the absence of strong evidence of a connection. Until recently, data on export production prevented an extensive empirical analysis of metropolitan-scale trade. This article examines the export growth dynamics across large metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) within the southern United States, a region that has been impacted by economic globalization. These analyses found that some Southern metropolitan areas differ from regional and national averages in selected measures of export performance. Additionally, the export performance of Southern cities was not correlated with all indicators of economic development. This article concludes that export dynamics should be viewed increasingly from an urban frame, with particular emphasis on the production of globally consumed knowledge products and advanced manufacturing. Moreover, export policy should be directed toward the individual strengths of urban regions.     

郴州工业场地重金属和PAHs复合污染特征及风险评价

研究了郴州市焦电、煤矿和冶炼等三类工业场地土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、As等重金属和16种PAH的污染状况及评价。结果表明:冶炼类工业场地主要存在Pb、Zn、Cu、As及PAHs污染,超标率均在50%以上,最高超标近百倍。煤矿类场地主要存在As和PAHs污染,其中As超标率为87.5%,最高超标2.4倍;PAHs超标率为75%,最高超标6.7倍。焦电类场地主要为PAHs污染,超标率达81.2%,最高超标34倍。对三类工业场地PAHs进行源解析,发现焦电类工业场地主要为煤燃烧源,而煤矿类主要为石油源,冶炼类场地主要为煤和石油的混合来源。三类工业场地存在不同程度的复合污染,其中As与PAHs复合污染最为普遍,Pb与PAHs在三类工业场地均显著相关。对三类工业场地PAHs和重金属进行污染评价的结果为,冶炼类>焦电类>煤矿类,其中焦电类工业场地以PAHs污染最严重,冶炼类工业场地以重金属污染为主。     

Cross‐border Urban Governance in Hong Kong: The Role of State in a Globalizing City‐Region*

The rapid development in the Hong Kong‐Pearl River Delta (PRD) city‐region has taken place alongside complicated cross‐border governance. The framework of time‐space envelopes (TSEs) is adopted for a study of cross‐border governance in Hong Kong, especially in the role of the state, that is, the Hong Kong government, in cross‐border urban governance. This article argues that tension‐ free regional integration has never existed due to a complex governance network. The shift from “cross‐border protectionism” to “cross‐border free trade zone” in Hong Kong's cross‐border urban governance since 2001 is a result of the rearticulation of the state cutting through the geoeconomic and geopolitical TSEs.     

石油城市经济系统脆弱性动态演变及调控途径研究——以大庆市为例

石油城市是人地相互作用十分强烈的人地系统,具有典型的脆弱性特征。在对典型石油城市大庆市经济系统脆弱性定性分析的基础上,构建经济系统脆弱性评价指标体系和评估模型,运用综合评价法、灰色关联度分析法及BP神经网络模型对大庆市经济系统脆弱性程度进行评估,并在此基础上预测2014~2023年大庆市经济系统脆弱性演化趋势。结果表明:1 17 a间大庆市经济系统的脆弱性程度整体上呈现波动下降态势,脆弱性指数由1996年的0.686降至2012年的0.283,目前已处在较低脆弱水平。2012年大庆市经济系统脆弱性仅低于克拉玛依市,高于其他石油城市。2经济系统脆弱性主要影响因素为刚性产业结构和不合理的投资结构。3预测未来10 a,大庆市经济系统脆弱性先升后降,整体呈现下降趋势。依据大庆市经济系统脆弱性特征及影响因素,结合脆弱性演变规律,提出大庆市经济系统脆弱性的规避、拮抗、适应等调控途径。     

Invisible homelessness: anonymity,exposure, and the right to the city

The city of Denver, Colorado recently outlawed camping in all open space. Part of a broad effort to accelerate the profit potential of prime urban land through real estate speculation and commerce, the camping ban has dislocated homeless people from the city’s marginal spaces. Based on ethnographic fieldwork and archival research in Denver, this article develops a tripartite approach to public space—prime, everyday, and marginal—to analyze challenging ways in which people who are homeless in Denver must now manage their exposure to others in everyday public spaces. In addition to eliminating places of hard-won safety and security, this singular new code disrupts hygiene, mobility, and sociability routines, thus throwing already precarious lives into further disarray by rendering housing status visible. To demonstrate how everyday social justice springs from interaction between different people co-present in public space, we foreground the voices of Denver’s homeless people, those most impacted by quality of life laws. Evicting individuals from marginal spaces and rendering them visibly homeless in everyday and prime spaces, the ban deprives them of a fundamental right to the city: anonymity.     

Network Topology and City Accessibility of the Commercial Internet

The rapid growth in this decade of World Wide Web access through the Internet is supported by a complex matrix of telecommunications infrastructure. This paper presents an overview of the history of the Internet and recent efforts to measure its structure and performance, and examines the spatial organization of the commercial Internet backbone. The research presented in this paper differs from previous Internet measurement work in that we apply network analysis methods to evaluate Internet connectivity. Transportation network analysis techniques are applied to measure 1) connectivity of individual service provider networks and 2) accessibility of cities to Internet service. The results reveal many different strategies implemented by service providers in network design as well as large differences in levels of accessibility of cities and regions in the United States. There is also an apparent disparity between population and city accessibility to the Internet.     

孪生空间及其应用——兼论地理研究空间的重构

数字孪生研究呈现由平稳发展到爆发态势,应用领域迅速增加,规模不断扩大,亟需发展用于指导各个领域和不同结构与规模的数字孪生研究与应用的方法论体系。本文在总结分析各个领域数字孪生发展过程和趋势的基础上,提出以孪生空间作为概括和统摄各尺度数字孪生体的框架,并给出了孪生空间的定义和一般特征。然后,以目前已有初步实践基础的孪生城市为例简要阐述了其应用。作为地理学研究对象的载体抑或研究对象本身的空间,由自然地理空间、人文社会空间和地理信息空间三元空间构成,彼此整合度不高。为更有效地开展地理学综合研究,我们提出以孪生空间整合三元空间,重构地理研究空间。孪生空间具有与物理空间的双向实时互馈特征,能够打破地理三元空间内部的壁垒,进而实现模拟现实、预测变化和调控过程的地理综合研究任务。