一次台风大暴雨成因及落区分析

对2007年9月19日到20日一次台风暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,利用模式输出资料具体分析了本次台风登陆减弱后的低压结构特征和大暴雨落区。结果表明:流场上高空辐散低空辐合特征明显,台风右侧来自海洋的低空潮湿偏南气流向中纬度槽前和台风倒槽前部输送的大量水汽在鲁东南东部和山东半岛南部辐合,形成强降水区;台风中心风速较小,和东部海上强风速中心形成明显"风速偶",降水区主要发生在中、低层"风速偶"之间的强风速梯度中。由于下垫面分为海上和陆上两部分,台风低压物理量场结构存在东西不对称性质,上升运动更加强烈,降水强度更大。降水的增幅与高空东南急流及高空正涡度中心和负散度中心的明显脉动下传有关系。     

Roll Vortices in the Boundary Layer Caused by a Concave Wind Profile: A Theoretical Study

The present study solves a two-layer atmospheric wave equation model with a lower atmosphere concave wind profile and cold-air outbreak over sea, while simultaneously proving that such a wind shear may cause neutral boundary layer roll vortices in the presence of disturbing sources upstream. Without thermal effects, the wind shear-induced waves have band structures at the top of the boundary layer that are similar to cloud street patterns observed over sea. This study proves that dynamic and thermal effects can act independently to initiate the roll vortices in the lower atmosphere. At the same time, a quantitative comparison shows that dynamic effects play a large role in the formation of roll vortices in the initial stage of cold-air outbreak and will be surpassed by thermal effects soon after surface heating commences.     

Comparative Studies of Different Mesoscale Convection Parameterization Schemes in the Simulation of Mei-Yu Front Heavy Rain

The mei-yu front heavy rainstorms occurred over Nanjing on 3 5 and 8 9 July 2003 and were simulated in this paper using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRFv3.1) with various mesoscale convection parameterization schemes (MCPSs). The simulations show that the temporal and spatial evolution and distribution of rainstorms can be modeled; however, there was incongruity between the comparative simulations of four different MCPSs and the observed data. These disparities were exhibited in the simulations of both the 24-hour surface rainfall total and the hourly precipitation rate. Further analysis revealed that the discrepancies of vertical velocity and the convective vorticity vector (CVV) between the four simulations were attributed to the deviation of rainfall values. In addition, the simulations show that the mid-scale convection, particularly the mesoscale convection system (MCS) formation, can be well simulated with the proper mesoscale convection parameterization schemes and may be a crucial factor of the mei-yu front heavy rainstorm. These results suggest that, in an effort to enhance simulation and prediction of heavy rainfall and rainstorms, subsequent studies should focus on the development and improvement of MCPS.     

准线形对流系统中强度—速度负相关性的特征研究

准线形对流系统(如飑线、弓形回波)是常见的强对流性系统,伴随它出现的一般是大风、旋风甚至冰雹等严重的灾害性天气现象.弓形回波有的是由一个单体产生的,也有嵌套在飑线或其他线形系统中,作为整个线形回波的一个部分.弓形回波能在很长的带上产生灾害性的直线风.在我们的研究中发现,准线形对流系统中,反射率因子(R)和径向速度(V)之间存在一定的负相关性,对发生在中国东部地区(24.5°-34.29°N,116.01°-119.52°E)的16个个例进行统计分析,发现在这些系统中都存在这种R-V负相关的特征,负相关的程度随高度有规律性的变化.通过对2006年6月29日个例的风场分析证实这种特征确实存在.对流系统与雷达射线方向接近垂直时,R-V负相关特征明显,这是因为该方向上,观测到的径向速度近乎等于实际风速,数值最大;而因垂直运动造成的水平风速减小并不因探测位置的不同而有很大变化.文中通过分析,推断R-V的这种负相关性与准线形系统中对流的强弱、中层径向辐合的强弱以及后向入流都有很大的关系.     

重庆2008年7月21日强对流天气成因及其特征

对2008年7月21日重庆市一次强对流天气过程进行诊断分析,通过分析天气背景,雷达回波,并应用四维变分同化方法反演风场,研究了强对流天气的发展机制.结果表明:高层冷空气入侵和中低层低涡系统强盛的暖湿气流形成的辐合切变是发生强对流的主要原因.雷达观测具有明显的弱回波区和"逆风区";反演水平风场表现为低层强回波前部有一条辐合上升带,到中层辐合上升带与强回波区重合,高层则对应辐散区;从风场的垂直剖面来看,强对流后部为入流区,到达中部后,形成强烈的上升气流,低层辐合带和强烈的上升气流形成强回波.在前部弱回波区处存在强降水下落形成的出流,该气流与暖湿气流辐合造成了浅薄的出流边界.     

风电场风资源测量与计算的精度控制

根据多个复杂地形风电场观测操作实践和大量观测数据的计算分析,提出了对观测数据和计算质量精度控制的主要措施,包括:复杂地形测风站布设的5个原则,仪器的合理选型和设置;对由于测风仪固有的系统误差和缺测数据的插补订正可能引起的计算误差进行了定量估算,通过对大量实测数据的对比计算显示:①目前普遍采用的进口风速计的相对偏差在1.6%～5.25%之间,由此可导致轮毂高度附近的年平均风功率密度误差在5%以上,最大达13.8%;②在季风气候区、复杂地形和风的年变率较大的地区,进行缺测数据插补订正时,应选取同季或同一主导风向的数据作为插补订正的基础数据,否则可能导致其平均风功率密度相对误差达20%～50%.     

一次飑线过程多普勒雷达资料分析

利用济南CINRAD/SA多普勒雷达产品,针对2006年7月5日飑线天气过程,分析回波发展演变、流场结构,讨论外流边界、强下沉气流与大风的关系,分析组合反射率因子、垂直液态含水量、中气旋产品特征.结果发现,飑线过境时风速出现两个极大值,一个出现在外流边界影响时段,另一个发生在强回波下沉气流影响时段;在横槽南下过程中,飑线后部强入流不断补充,前侧暖湿气流沿着后部入流爬升,不断产生新的单体,使得风暴得以维持发展;在垂直流场结构上表现为前侧暖湿气流倾斜上升,然后主体部分向后倾斜,后部有冷空气注入,形成下沉气流,下沉气流在地面附近辐散,与前侧入流形成低层阵风锋,是造成地面破坏性大风的主要因素.在水平流场结构上表现为低层存在气流辐合上升运动,中层有气旋性旋转气流,风暴高层为辐散气流.飑线消散阶段后期中层出现MARC,带来大风天气,而同时伴有冰雹天气的风灾产生在飑线达到最强至开始减弱的时段.当回波强度≥50dBz,且垂直液态含水量≥35kg·m-2,当有中气旋时,有利于产生冰雹和大风天气;外流边界的出现,反映了强对流回波后部下沉气流较强,是灾害性大风的前兆.     

河北城市化和观测环境改变对地面风速观测资料序列的影响

选用河北省143个气象台站1975-2004年10 m高年平均风速资料,以及1990年和2000年人口普查资料,根据人口增长、台站迁移、仪器高度变化、台站微观环境变化等影响地面风速变化的台站历史信息,把所有气象台站分为4类,并分别对其进行比较分析.结果表明:河北省绝大多数台站风速变化呈减小趋势;城市化进程、台站观测环境等因素均在不同程度上对地面平均风速变化趋势产生了影响,其中台站所在城镇城市化程度是风速减小趋势不可忽略的原因,其影响程度约在1/4左右;台站观测环境因素中观测场附近微观环境变化对风速减小趋势具有重要影响,超过了区域背景风速减小趋势.台站观测环境因素对风速资料序列均一性的影响也不容忽视,至少有1/3的平均风速序列非均一性断点是由观测环境变化产生的.     

2008年11月初大雾过程边界问题分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP1°×1°再分析资料对2008年11月初发生在中国东部的一场大雾的边缘区域进行诊断分析,结果表明:在雾区的边缘,能否成雾的因素除湿度、风速和逆温等基本条件外,近地面散度场与垂直风速对雾的形成也有相当重要的作用,其中低层辐合高层辐散区的边缘和雾区的边缘有较好的对应关系,950hPa上方的下沉速度能够阻止水汽的向上扩散,而越往上越大的上升速度意味着雾区的消散.     

Quantitative Estimation of Air Mass Exchange by Along-Valley Wind in the Rongbuk Valley

For a better understanding of the air mass exchange processes between the surface and free atmos-phere in the Himalayas,a Himalayan exchange between the surface and troposphere 2007 (HEST2007) campaign was carried out in the Rongbuk Valley,on the northern slope of Mt.Qomolangma,in June 2007.The wind,tem-perature and radiation conditions were measured during the campaign.Using these observation data,together with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data,the air mass exchange between the inside of the valley and the outside of the valley is quantitatively estimated,based on a closed-valley method.The air mass is strongly injected into the Rongbuk Valley in the after-noon,which dominates the diurnal cycle,by a strong downward along-valley wind,with a maximum down-ward transfer rate of 9.4 cm s?1.The total air volume flux injected into the valley was 2.6×1011 m3 d?1 in 24 hours in June 2007,which is 15 times the total volume of the val-ley.The air mass transfer into the valley also exhibited a clear daily variation during the HEST2007 campaign,which can be affected by the synoptic situations through the adjustment of local radiation conditions.