柴达木盆地盐湖卤水硼、氯同位素的水化学特性探讨

通过对柴达木盆地盐湖硼、氯同位素组成和相应的水化学参数关系的讨论,揭示了盐湖卤水中硼、氯同位素组成变化与盐湖卤水演化之间的关系。盐湖卤水的硼同位素组成主要是与盐湖补给水的硼同位素组成和 Ｃａ 离子含量有关,氯同位素组成是受卤水的蒸发程度所控制。硼、氯同位素之间存在负相关关系。     

基于多种方法的宝坻新井水位异常分析

针对天津宝坻新井(117.4°E, 39.7°N)水位阶变异常, 选取该井及周边水体进行水化学分析, 结果表明宝坻新井水主要为大气降水成因, 存在一定的水岩作用, 周边水体与宝坻新井水之间没有明显水力联系; 采用有限单元法模拟了水坝泄水对宝坻新井的加卸载影响, 结果显示水坝泄水的应变量不足以引起宝坻新井水位的大幅阶变; 通过调和分析及含水层参数计算可知2017年以来宝坻新井潮汐参数及含水层水文介质参数未发生明显变化。 据此推测, 宝坻新井水位异常可能与局部应力小幅调整过程中宝坻断裂及其次级断裂蠕动有关。 本文采用的多种方法结合的异常分析思路可为今后判别地下水位异常干扰提供参考。     

1990年共和7.0级地震水化学前兆场特征

研究了１９９０年４月２６日共和７．０级地震的水化学前兆场特征．结果表明：在震源区水化学趋势性异常所占的比例大,远离震源区所占的比例小,且有逐渐减小的趋势;在震源区水化学趋势性异常起始的时间早,远离震源区异常起始的时间晚,趋势异常的形态均为逐渐升高．研究认为,水化学前兆场的形成与区域应力场有关,但与震源应力场关系密切,而且起主导作用的可能是震源应力场     

大震水化学参量"场兆"与"源兆"判别指标的研究

分析处理了唐山、松潘、共和等７级以上大震的震例资料,研究了大震水化学参量的源兆与场兆的判别指标,并指出,水化学参量的趋势原兆出现得早,场兆出现得晚;源兆所占的比例高,场兆所占的比例低等,进而提出了１年度７级以上大震水化学参量的前兆指标。     

水化学分析方法在地下水异常核实中的应用

地震前兆识别中的异常核实工作是提高地震分析预报能力的重要环节。"四图一法"是地下水异常核实中有效的水化学分析方法,其中Piper图和Schoeller图用于判定地下水化学类型和补给关系,Gibbs图用于判定地下水化学成分来源,Giggenbach三角图用于判定地下水的水岩平衡状态和是否有深部活动信息,以及混合比例法用于计算地下水的混合程度。同时,介绍了水化学分析方法在异常核实应用中的水样采集、测试方法和基本原理。使用水化学分析方法,有助于判定异常的构造或非构造活动影响因素,提高异常判定的科学水平。     

克鲁伦河流域下游水体氢氧同位素与水化学特征

通过对克鲁伦河流域下游河水与地下水的主要离子水化学与氢氧同位素进行分析,结合区域水文地质资料,利用Durov图、空间插值、统计分析等方法分析了河水与地下水水化学与氢氧同位素特征。结果表明,河水的水化学类型主要为Na-Ca-HCO3型,地下水水化学类型为Na-Cl和Ca-Na-HCO型。克鲁伦河水主要离子浓度与氢氧同位素空间分布特征显著较地下水稳定、空间差异小。流域内地下水与地表水主要来自降水补给,地下水也是克鲁伦河的主要补给源。氘盈余变化揭示出克鲁伦河水的蒸发分馏程度强于地下水,除流域内水体蒸发主要受地质地貌影响外,人类活动对河水的影响显著于周边地下水。G3点所在的西庙为一个完整独立的水文地质单元,其表现出的水化学与氢氧同位素特征均异于其他地下水。流域内部分地下水F-含量超标,虽然一定程度是受人类活动影响,但更多的是基于综合水文地质条件基础上的自然现象,已严重威胁人类生存,应引起当地有关部门的高度重视,避免氟中毒事件重现。     

Multivariate statistical analysis of chemical and stable isotopic data as indicative of groundwater evolution with reduced exploitation

Groundwater resources in the North China Plain (NCP) are undergoing tremendous changes in response to the operation of groundwater exploitation reduction (GWER) project. To identify groundwater evolution in this complex context, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were combined to interpret an integrated dataset of stable isotopes and chemical data from four sampling campaigns in a pilot area of groundwater control. We proposed a novel HCA approach integrating stable isotopes and chemical signals, which successfully partitioned the groundwater samples into the unconfined and the confined water samples. Stable isotopic evidence showed that the lateral inflow and the surface water may contribute more to groundwater recharge in this region than local modern precipitation. The unconfined water’s main hydrochemical types were Na type with mixed anions, and Na–Cl–SO₄ type, while the confined water was mainly Na–Cl and Na–SO₄ types. Geochemical processes mainly involved the dissolution/precipitation of halite, gypsum, Glauber's salt, feldspar, calcite and dolomite, as well as the cation exchange. PCA results showed that water–rock interaction (i.e., salinity-based and alkalinity-based processes) predominated the hydrochemical evolution, along with local nitrate contamination resulting from fertilizers and domestic sewage. The GWER project regulated the natural evolution of unconfined water chemistry, and significantly reduced the unconfined water’s salinity (mainly Na⁺, Mg²⁺, SO₄^2?). This may be attributed to upward leakage from low-salinity confined water at some parts of the aquifer. Additionally, insignificant changes in the confined water’s salinity reflected that the impact of GWER on the confined aquifer was negligible. This study facilitates the groundwater classification effectively in the areas lack of geological data, and enhances the knowledge of groundwater chemical evolution in such a region where groundwater restoration is in progress, with important implications for groundwater sustainable management in similar basins worldwide.     

关于水化学中几个问题的探讨

该文就水化学研究中所涉及的碳酸平衡与温度的关系、方解石等碳酸盐岩矿物溶解度与温度的关系、pH值控制下方解石、白云石的溶解产物、矿物实测溶解度大于计算溶解度、Cl^-的络合物、浅海环境下形成方解石矿物、舒卡列夫水化学式的改进建议等问题进行了分析与解释,并提出一些看法、认识及建议。     

水化地震异常变化速率分析与综合预测方法新探索

水化群体异常的演化趋势与地震活动密切相关。中强地震前,水化异常变化速率值呈现“增长－地震”的普遍规律。在月、旬和五日等不同时间尺度上的水化群体异常演化图式,具有显著的自相似性和可重复的特征,并可分别作为地震的短期、短临和临震前兆标志与发震的判别依据。     

Using turbidity dynamics and geochemical variability as a tool for understanding the behavior and vulnerability of a karst aquifer

In a karst system, the characterization of transport properties is based on the comparison of natural tracers observed at the inlet (a swallow hole on the karst plateau) and the outlets of the system (a spring and a well). At Norville, northwest France, electrical conductivity (EC) and turbidity (T) were used as natural tracers for characterizing dissolved elements (surface water geochemistry) and particulate matter transport, respectively. Two methods were used for this study: (1) a comparison of the relations between EC, T and spring discharge (Q) by means of normalized EC–T–Q curves, and (2) a principal component analysis (PCA) including water geochemistry data in addition to EC, T and Q. Three different characteristic flood events have been chosen for the analyses. EC–T–Q curves highlighted the direct transfer, resuspension and deposition of particles during their transport in the karst network. Transport from the swallow hole to both the spring and the well appeared to be dominated by karst-conduit flow. On the other hand, PCA results showed a diffuse source of contamination of groundwaters by nitrate and a point-source contamination of groundwaters by streaming/runoff surface waters with high turbidity and phosphate concentration infiltrated at the swallow hole.