福建漳江口湿地人类活动状况调查

福建漳江口红树林国家级自然保护区湿地是周边居民进行生产活动的重要场所,为当地居民提供了丰富的海产品资源。同时,当地居民在湿地上从事的各种生产活动对湿地的理化性质及生物多样性产生了重要的影响。为了了解保护区湿地上人类活动规律,运用走访调查和定时、定点调查的方法,对湿地上人类活动规律进行了调查。结果显示:保护区内湿地上的人类活动可以划分为红树林下捡拾海产品活动类型、夫妻船讨小海活动类型、公有河道捡拾海产品活动类型和滩涂养殖活动类型4种。其中第4种类型在1 a周期中又可以划分为除草、整地、施药消毒、再整地和养殖收获5个阶段。夫妻船讨小海人类活动的人数最多时为80人/d,最少时为16人/d,平均为50.4人/d;密度最大为7.5人/km2,最小为1.5人/km2,平均为4.8人/km2。公有河道捡拾海产品活动的人数最多时为62人/d,一般情况下较少,从几人到几十人不等,2005年12月中旬至2006年的4月初,该类活动基本停止,之后呈逐渐增加趋势。滩涂养殖的再整地阶段,人类活动的人数约为70人/d,密度为10人/km2;2005年10月下旬以后的蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)苗养殖阶段,人类活动的人数约为60人/d,平均密度约为10人/km2;整个11月份期间,与养殖有关的人类活动基本停止,养殖户在自家承包的滩涂上进行一些捡拾海产品的活动,但人数较少,最多时为55人/d,一般为10多人/d,密度为10~20人/km2;进入12月份后的收获季节,人类在滩涂上活动的人数及其密度急剧增加,为100多人/d到500多人/d不等,平均密度为44人/km2。在收获季节,人类活动的人数及其密度与有无商人收购蛏产品以及蛏的生长情况有关。总的来看,保护区湿地上人类活动可划分为3个阶段:第1阶段从2005年10月中旬至11月底;第2阶段始于12月初,止于2006年1月底;第3阶段为2006年2月初至4月底。第1阶段人类活动的人数平均为128人/d,平均密度为7.4人/km2;第2阶段分别为208人/d和12.0人/km2;第3阶段分别为358人/d和20.7人/km2。依据本次调查结果,建议采取如下对策:第一,适当限制夫妻船讨小海及公有河道捡拾海产品的船只数量,使其尽量保持在现有水平;第二,研究和探讨滩涂养殖过程中农药消毒的替代方法,尽量不用或少用农药;第三,保护区应特别加强滩涂养殖及收获阶段人类活动的管理,建议保护区尽可能地引导养殖户采取分片收获的方式来减少同一时段内滩涂上人类活动的人数及其密度。     

Natural hazards vs human impact: an integrated methodological approach in geomorphological risk assessment on the Tursi historical site, Southern Italy

The Tursi–Rabatana historical site is very representative of the cultural heritage of Basilicata, Southern Italy. Morphological evolution of the landscape is characterized by very intense erosive phenomena such as landslides, deep gullies, rills, and piping, which affect the perimeter of urban settlements and threaten the conservation of these sites. Rainfalls and the lithology of the substratum are the main factors to which the landscape evolution is linked, triggering landslide and linear erosion phenomena. Climate analysis carried out during the last century showed an increasing trend in the rainfall intensity over extremely short periods. This condition also induced an increase in the vulnerability level of the slopes. Integrated analysis between territorial data (geology, geomorphology, climate) and historical documents showed that, at least from the last century, the geomorphological hazard has been accentuated by the intense human activity of cave excavation along several fronts under the present urban area. The geophysical investigation also permitted the mapping of shallow caves and tunnels in the subsurface reconstructing the multilevel complex hypogeal system. This work also produced evidence that the human interventions occurring during the historical period have been a determining factor in increasing the hazard level and accelerating the preexisting morphological processes.     

甘肃省黑河流域土地沙漠化的水文学指征初探

黑河流域土地沙漠化及水资源合理利用一直是该流域研究的焦点问题。文章首先从土地沙漠化分布范围、种类、面积、沙漠化程度等方面，分析了黑河流域土地沙漠化的现状：土地沙漠化主要发生在流域的中下游地区，尤以额济纳绿洲沙漠化形势严峻；其次，从地表水、地下水之水质、水量方面分析了黑河流域水环境变化的状况：人类不合理的经济活动，导致黑河流域水资源环境恶化，具体表现在地下水、地表水水位下降、水质恶化。在此基础上，从黑河流域地表水及地下水着手，初步提出了黑河流域土地沙漠化的水文学指征体系：其中，地表水主要包括蒸发与蒸腾的消耗、径流和渗漏3个部分；径流部分又分为地表水流经区域及水量变化、干流水量的系列变化以及泥沙沉积3方面；地下水则主要有水质变化及水位的连续变化2方面。     

Do humans create mineral dust in northwest China?

Northwest China is a high source for great quantities of dust carried over large areas of the Asia and Pacific and to the North America. Climate index and proxy of human activity show dusty days were highly correlated with dust-driving winds in northwestern China during the 1950s to 2000. Regressions indicate that dusty days were not closely related to human activity. Under the current climate model, if dust-driving winds still decline, there may be a less dusty future in this region.     

On the role of Geography in Earth System Science

Geography is fundamentally a non-reductionist and holistic discipline. While we tend to focus on particular areas (Physical, Human, etc.), or we focus on specific successes (Quaternary studies for example) this paper argues that selling Geography though emphasizing these specific areas or strengths misses a major potential contribution our discipline can make. While most sciences have become reductionist over the last two centuries, they have recently discovered that the Earth is a “complex system” with “emergent” properties that cannot be explained through understanding the components parts individually. Many of these sciences are now contributing to a major effort called Earth System Science, an integrative super-discipline that accepts that biophysical sciences and social sciences are equally important in any attempts to understand the state, and future of the Earth System. This paper argues that the development of Earth System Sciences is a risk for Geography since it is, in effect, Geography with few Geographers. While representing a threat, the development of Earth System Science is also an opportunity. I argue that Geography could be a lead discipline among the other biophysical and social sciences that are now building Earth System Science to address key problems within the Earth System. While I am optimistic about the potential of Geography to take this leadership role, I am pessimistic about the likelihood that we will. I provide suggestions on how we might take on the leadership of Earth System Science including individual engagement and a refinement of tertiary training of some Geography students.     

现代海底热水活动的系统性研究及其科学意义

现代海底热水活动是当前地球系统科学研究的一个重要组成部分，它是研究海底地质作用体系中的一个关键环节。海底的构造作用、岩浆活动等因素制约了热水循环的发育和活动规律，而热水活动又直接或间接地产生了一些地质效应，如海底的热水喷流成岩成矿效应，此外它还与海底的热能输导与转化、海洋化学组分特征、海洋生命和生命起源等现象有着密切的成因联系。开展现代海底热水活动的系统性研究，应注重将热水循环的内部动力学机制和热水活动所引发的外部环境效应相结合，为此我们把它初步展开为：热水循环的空间组构研究、热量输导作用研究、热水流体的化学成分研究、热水活动与极端生命的关系研究以及热水活动的生命周期研究等 5个方面，分别解析其内部特征以及引发的环境效应。最后初步探讨了开展海底热水活动的系统性研究的科学意义。     

近50年黄河入海径流变化特征及影响因素分析*

以黄河口利津站实测、天然径流资料为依据,采用回归分析、相关分析和随机水文学的方法,对黄河入海径流的变化特征进行了分析,并结合流域气候和人类活动资料,定量探讨了近50多年来自然变化和人类活动对入海径流的影响。采用费希尔最优分割法检测出黄河实测入海径流出现1968年、1985年和1996年3个跳跃点,依据3个跳跃点,将入海径流分为4个阶段:即Ⅰ(1950~1968年)和Ⅱ(1969~1985年),Ⅲ(1986~1996年)和Ⅳ(1997~2004年),4个阶段径流量逐阶段递减。根据降雨与径流的相关分析计算出各阶段取水量占入海天然径流量的比重,第Ⅰ阶段为24 ％ ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ和Ⅳ阶段分别升至44 ％ , 65 ％ 和79 ％ ,说明流域取水量的增加是造成入海径流量逐阶段减少和断流严重性增强的主要原因,也反映了黄河入海径流由第Ⅰ阶段受自然变化影响为主逐渐过渡至第Ⅲ阶段后受人类活动影响为主。1985年以后流域暖干化、大水库的调节和水土保持等则是促使径流量减少和断流的辅助因素。     

An overview of climate change impacts on the society in China

Society could sustain the impact of climate change by adapting to the change and mitigating risks from adverse effects of increasing changes, so that it can continue maintaining its prospect and improving wellbeing. Nevertheless, climate change is more or less affecting society's functions at different scales, including both individuals and communities. In this review, we discuss the relationship between society and climate change in China from the aspects of the needs at different socioeconomic developing stages. The relationship as well as the current spatial pattern and future risks of the climate change impacts on societies are summarized. The complexity of social and climatic systems leads to the spatial heterogeneity of climate impacts and risks in China. To more effectively leverage increasing knowledge about the past, we advocate greater cross-disciplinary collaboration between climate adaption, poverty alleviation and Nature-based Solutions (Nbs). That could provide decision makers with more comprehensive train of thoughts for climate policy making.     

Paleoecological analyses of lake sediments reveal prehistoric human impact on forests at Anthony Island UNESCO World Heritage Site, Queen Charlotte Islands (Haida Gwaii), Canada

Pollen and plant macrofossil analyses of lake sediments from Anthony Island in the southern Queen Charlotte Islands (Haida Gwaii), British Columbia, reveal 1800 yr of relatively stable temperate rainforest vegetation. Cupressaceae (cedar) pollen percentages and accumulation rates decline about 1000 cal yr BP, coincident with occupation of the island by Haida peoples, who use Thuja plicata (western red cedar) almost exclusively for house construction, dugout canoes, monumental poles, and many other items. Anthropogenic disturbance offers the most likely explanation for the decline of T. plicata.     

“环境蠕变”概念之我见

简要概述了“环境蠕变（Environmental Creeping）”这一新概念的由来,探讨了“环境蠕变”与全球变化的关系,对“环境蠕变”给出了一个相对比较明确的科学定义,并抽象和归纳出了“环境蠕变”的本质特征和科学内涵,最后指出了对待“环境蠕变”的科学态度。