Networking,context and firm-level innovation: Cooperation through the regional filter in Norway

The paper assesses the role for innovation of one aspect which has been generally overlooked by evolutionary economic geography: context. It analyses how context shapes the impact of collaboration on firm-level innovation for 1604 firms located in the five largest city regions of Norway. Specifically, the analysis shows how the benefits to firms of collaborating within regional, national, and international innovation networks are affected by the knowledge endowments of the region within which the firm is located. Using a logit regression analysis, we find, first, that only national and international networking have a significant positive impact on the likelihood of innovation (the former only for process innovation), whereas the regional knowledge endowments have no direct effect. Second, regional cooperation is particularly effective in regions with high investments in R&D, whereas international cooperation is important in regions with an educated workforce – and regional and national collaboration may be ineffective in such cases. We conclude that, in the case of Norway, context is essential in determining the capacity of firms to set up networks and innovate. Regions with an educated workforce can use the resulting absorptive capacity to successfully assimilate knowledge being diffused through global pipelines from faraway places. However, this absorptive capacity is likely to be heavily filtered if regional firms mainly rely on internal connections within Norway.     

The fisherly imagination: The promise of geographical approaches to marine management

The management of the sea has increased exponentially in the last half-century, and different academic disciplines have been vital in shaping this management. Human geography, despite its explicit focus on the human–environment nexus, has so far had little impact on human relations with the sea. Based on empirical research conducted in England and Scotland, we argue that human geography is uniquely placed to offer effective solutions to marine resource management problems, and that geographers have the potential to offer key insights into how human populations can best interact with the living seas. Three of the most important current scholarly ‘imaginations’ of the sea, and the policies they inform (economics and market-based management, conservation biology and area based protection, and anthropology and community management), are outlined. A potential ‘geographical imagination’ of the sea, drawing on key themes in contemporary scholarship is then presented, and grounded in empirical research. It is argued that human–ocean relations should be a key feature of geographical research agendas.     

HISTORICAL DESERTIFICATION PROCESS IN HEXI CORRIDOR, CHINA

1IN TR O D U CTIO NH istoricdaelsertificatiisonnotonlythekeyissueon theinteractiobnetweennatureandhuman proces,sbutalsothemost challenginigssueinthecomplex reltaionshipbetweenhuman andland.Previousl,ymostChinesesci-entistisnthisfieldcarrieoduttheiresearch…     

中国环境工程地质的发展现状与未来

本文对我国环境工程地质的发展简况、研究现状和末来所面临的问题等进行了回顾、概括和展望,指出我国环境工程地质问题日趋复杂。从防御和保护环境出发,我国未来的环境地质问题将以沿海地区、长江中下游沿江地带和内陆大中城市地区为重点。建立经济、社会和环境协调发展的环境工程地质的科学体系已成为当务之急。     

Organochlorines and dioxin-like compounds in green-lipped mussels Perna viridis from Hong Kong mariculture zones

Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine (OC) pesticides and dioxin-like compounds were measured in green-lipped mussels, Perna viridis, collected from seven mariculture zones in Hong Kong between September and October in 2002 in order to evaluate the status, spatial distribution and potential sources of pollution in these areas. Concentrations ranged from 300 to 4400 ng/g lipid weight for total OCs and 170–1000 ng/g lipid weight for total PCBs (based on 28 congeners). Relatively smaller DDT concentrations in mussels compared with previous studies suggest reduced discharges of DDTs from nearby regions into Hong Kong waters. Detection of a mixture of HCH isomers in the mussels indicated that Hong Kong waters were predominantly contaminated by technical HCHs rather than lindane. Mussel samples from all sampling locations elicited significant dioxin-like activity in the H4IIE-luc bioassay. The greatest magnitude of dioxin-like response (39 pg TEQ/g wet wt.) was detected in mussels from Ma Wan in the western waters of Hong Kong, which is strongly influenced by the Pearl River discharge. Human health risk assessment was undertaken to evaluate potential risks associated with the consumption of the green-lipped mussels. Risk quotient (RQ) for dioxin-like compounds was greater than unity suggesting that adverse health effects may be associated with high mussel consumption.     

南海的新构造运动及其演化史

本文对南海壳块第三纪以来所发生的断裂作用、地震活动、岩浆活动与褶皱作用进行了综合研究。在此基础上,总结了南海壳块新构造运动特征并进而对其演化规律进行了探讨。     

A Proposal for Assessment in Geography Education

Abstract

The geographic skills, as outlined in Geography for Life, provide an avenue for assessing students' work in geography. If used across the scope and sequence of the curriculum, a common scoring guide based on these skills offers opportunities for students to demonstrate their ability to use inquiry approaches to study geography and to improve those abilities over time and over different geographic questions. If used consistently, a geographic skills scoring guide can also help to communicate to a broader audience of parents, administration, and the public as to what the discipline of geography encompasses.     

人工影响天气后下游地面湿度响应分析探讨

2008年8月8日下午到夜间,针对北京地区西北部、西部和西南部强对流天气进行了人工影响天气作业。为了解大规模进行人工影响天气作业后下游地区地面湿度的变化情况,文章结合空中天气形势,利用北京城区和郊区215个自动站及非自动站资料进行降水分布研究,重点利用其有湿度记录的108个站资料,对大规模人工影响后的地面湿度变化结合同期降水资料进行分析,以期为今后大规模的人工影响天气提供实验依据。结果表明,2008年8月8日夜间北京地区引导气流为西南东北向,天气系统基本沿西南—东北向移动,18：00—00：00的6小时累计降水量,呈东北西南向带状分布,北京城区处在降水量比较少的＂豁口＂处,＂鸟巢＂无降水。人工影响天气部门在北京地区西南部进行大规人工模影响强对流天气作业。作业后,在大规模人工影响作业区下风方带状范围内,地面水汽压随时间具有明显的突变（地面水汽压突然减小,持续时间大致在25分钟左右）,且这种突变从由西南向东北减弱,突变开始的时间逐渐推后。在带状中心轴线附近这种突变比较明显,远离中心轴线这种突变减弱,开始突变的时间也推后;而在带状范围外,则没有这种现象。究其原因,主要由于大规模发射火箭弹进行作业,一是火箭弹尾喷的播撒作用,二是尾喷激起的强大扰动作用,有利于大的雨滴降落,或迅速长大后降落,形成下沉气流,下沉气流将高层的干冷空气带到低层引起地面水汽压减小;此下沉气流沿着引导气流向下游传播,在传播过程中逐渐衰减。进一步分析2008年8月8日20时500 hPa风,根据此高度风速大小估算大规模作业区距离分析地面水汽压发生较大变化测站的时间,发现测站地面水汽压的发生较大变化时间与由上游空气柱移来的时间比较一致。     

全球变化与区域干旱化

本文总结了已完成的国家重点基础研究发展规划计划项目(“973”项目)“我国生存环境演变和北方干旱化趋势预测”(1999～2004年)和正在执行的“973”项目“北方干旱化与人类适应”的有关干旱化问题研究的部分成果。主要是中国科学院大气物理研究所最近几年在近代区域干旱化的事实及全球联系方面的研究进展,并对全球增暖背景下区域干旱化的形成机理展开讨论。