Between social and spatial convergence and divergence: an exploration into the political geography of European contact areas

The European continent, the motherland of nationalism, and the part of the world where political borders and different territorial and cultural identities are mostly interrelated, is now facing new challenges regarding how best to represent its numerous interests within one system. With the increase of international integration European countries began to devote greater attention to the development problems of their border areas that had to be helped to undertake certain functions in the international integration process. The fostering of a more balanced regional development also resulted in a strengthening of regional characteristics, which the new model could no longer ignore. Regional characteristics in turn have always been preserved in Europe by persistent historical and cultural elements of ethnic and linguistic variety. Therefore, it is not surprising that the process of European integration based on the new regional development model was accompanied by a parallel process of ethnic or regional awakening of minorities and other local communities. The key question for contemporary European (though of course this is not limited to Europe) political geography is, then, how the process summarised under the twin labels of social convergence and deterritorialisation will effect the persistent maintenance of regional identities and the corresponding divergence of regional spaces. Or, in other words: is the ‘unity in diversity’ European programme ever practicable and exportable on a world-wide scale or are we to be absorbed by a new global ‘melting pot’?     

用孔壁崩落法测定冀中平原地区地壳应力方向

本文叙述了孔壁崩落应力测量方法。分析和讨论了冀中平原地区的10口深孔地层倾角和四臂测井资料,得出该地区的孔壁崩落的方向是V12°W。由此确定的最大水平主应力方向为N78°E。此外,还与其它几种应力测量方法所取得的结果进行比较,表明具有良好的一致性关系。最后根据在冀中平原地区所取得的应力方向的结果,说明该地区应力方向是受着同一构适应力场的作用,其动力源是来自太平洋板块向西俯冲的结果。     

Indigenous Lands with secure land-tenure can reduce forest-loss in deforestation hotspots

Due to human activities, most natural ecosystems of the world have disappeared and the rest are threatened. At a global scale, 40% of the remaining forests occur in Indigenous Peoples Lands (IPL). While several studies show that IPL contribute to conserve forest-cover and halt forest-loss, other studies have found opposite results. The differing results on the role of IPL in forest conservation and loss are probably because of the effect of other variables, e.g. land tenure security. In this study, we addressed the role of IPL in forest conservation and loss, differentiating IPL with land-tenure security (IPL-S) and insecurity (IPL-I). We worked in a deforestation hotspot, the South American Dry Chaco region. First, we mapped IPL in the Dry Chaco. Then, covering the period 2000–2019, we measured forest cover and loss in IPL-S, IPL-I and in areas that are not Indigenous (non-IPL). Finally, we used a matching estimators method to statistically evaluate if IPL-S and IPL-I halt forest loss. To avoid bias, we accounted for the effect of variables such as Country (Argentina/Bolivia/Paraguay), Protected Area (yes/no), etc. We created the first map of IPL for the Dry Chaco, and found that at least 44% of the remaining forests are in IPL, and 67% of them are IPL-I. Our results also showed that IPL-S work as deforestation barriers. Inside PA, the effect of IPL-S was not always significant, probably because PA were already reducing forest loss. The effect of IPL-I on halting forest-loss was variable. We conclude that land-tenure security is key for IPL to reduce forest-loss, adding evidence on the importance of securing land-tenure rights of Indigenous communities for conservation purposes. At a regional scale, a large proportion of the remaining forests are Indigenous and conservation initiatives should be co-developed with locals, respecting their rights, needs and cosmovisions.     

Community Forest Owners Evaluate a Decade of Payments for Ecosystem Services in the Mexican Cloud Forest: The Importance of Attention to Indigenous Sovereignty in Conservation

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) programs have taken a variety of forms that depend on many mediating factors, such as national and local politics, land tenure, regional collective action, the capacity of intermediaries, and socio-ecological context. This diversity has produced unsurprisingly mixed experiences, with many falling short of achieving the twin goals of environmental and social benefits and some causing adverse consequences. This study examines one rare PES case that has contributed both to forest conservation and to community livelihoods. In this study, community forest owners from four indigenous communities in the Mexican cloud forest evaluate their participation in ten years of a public PES program to support watershed stewardship. We argue that attention to indigenous sovereignty and self-determination in program implementation contributed to widely appreciated socio-environmental benefits. Though many PES programs are implemented in indigenous communities, scholarly debates have rarely dealt directly with these issues.     

地磁加卸载响应比方法在上海及其邻区地震研究中的应用

本文运用2000—2010年上海佘山台和崇明台地磁场Z分量所计算得到的地磁加卸载响应比资料分析了近11年地磁加卸载响应比对上海及其邻区中小地震的预测分析效果,并对原有的预测指标体系进行了完善。分析结果表明: ① 地磁加卸载响应比值在大于3.4的异常情况下,对上海及其邻区的M_L≥4.0地震预测有一定的指示意义; ② 两个台站的地磁加卸载响应比值随时间的整体变化趋势与上海及其邻区地震活动性的变化有较好的对应关系; ③ 通过小波变换得到,地磁加卸载响应比值与该地区的地震活动性时间序列都存在4.5年的周期变化,且在该周期尺度上位相变化一致性较好。     

塔里木盆地塔北、塔中地区寒武-奥陶系碳酸盐岩中可溶有机组分的碳同位素逆转现象

沉积有机质可溶有机组分的碳同位素组成具有母质继承效应,同时受热力和生物降解作用等因素的影响。利用M AT 252同位素质谱仪分析了塔里木盆地塔北、塔中地区寒武系—奥陶系碳酸盐岩中可溶有机组分的碳同位素组成,发现它们的1δ3C值普遍发生了逆转。饱和烃组分明显富集13C,其1δ3C值的分布区间为-29.7‰~-26.2‰,平均值为-28.5‰,而沥青质组分明显富集12C,其1δ3C值的分布区间为-37.8‰~-27.1‰,平均值为-31.9‰,并且大部分样品的可溶有机组分的1δ3C值出现饱和烃>芳烃>非烃>沥青质的完全反序分布特征。综合分析认为该区寒武系—奥陶系碳酸盐岩中可溶有机组分碳同位素的逆转分布特征主要与热力作用及漫长的热演化史有关,而这种可溶有机组分碳同位素组成完全反序分布模式可以作为沉积有机质在高演化阶段的一个重要的地球化学标志。