可可西里古近系含盐系地层沉积特征及古盐湖成盐模式讨论

可可西里是羌北—滇西构造域中重要的新生代沉积盆地,其古近系红层是认识中国陆相微陆块成盐作用的重要窗口。该区南部沱沱河盆地、北部错仁德加盆地古近系雅西措群地层中明显包含两套含盐系地层,两套层系形成的时代、古气候条件相同,但古地理条件、古盐湖盆地规模、成盐机制各异。渐新世时期沱沱河盆地属于封闭型的干盐湖沉积,错仁德加盆地属于开放型干盐湖沉积环境,预示着青藏高原中部渐新世大可可西里盆地并非相互连通,其中小型盆地的沉积成盐环境存在差异。     

1970–2011年可可西里地区湖泊面积变化的时空特征(英文)

As one of the areas with numerous lakes on the Tibetan Plateau, the Hoh Xil region plays an extremely important role in the fragile plateau eco-environment. Based on topographic maps in the 1970 s and Landsat TM/ETM+ remote sensing images in the 1990 s and the period from 2000 to 2011, the data of 83 lakes with an area above 10 km2 each were obtained by digitization method and artificial visual interpretation technology, and the causes for lake variations were also analyzed. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows.(1) From the 1970 s to 2011, the lakes in the Hoh Xil region firstly shrank and then expanded. In particular, the area of lakes generally decreased during the 1970s–1990s. Then the lakes expanded from the 1990 s to 2000 and the area was slightly higher than that in the 1970 s. The area of lakes dramatically increased after 2000.(2) From 2000 to 2011, the lakes with different area ranks in the Hoh Xil region showed an overall expansion trend. Meanwhile, some regional differences were also discovered. Most of the lakes expanded and were widely distributed in the northern, central and western parts of the region. Some lakes were merged together or overflowed due to their rapid expansion. A small number of lakes with the trend of area decrease or strong fluctuation were scattered in the central and southern parts of the study area. And their variations were related to their own supply conditions or hydraulic connection with the downstream lakes or rivers.(3) The increase in precipitation was the dominant factor resulting in the expansion of lakes in the Hoh Xil region. The secondary factor was the increase in meltwater from glaciers and frozen soil due to climate warming.     

青海西部可可西里湖地区晚三叠世诺利期地层的厘定及其意义

三叠纪巴颜喀拉山群是可可西里湖地区最为发育的海相沉积地层，主要分布于可可西里一巴颜喀拉沉积盆地内。通过1：25万可可西里湖幅区域地质调查，在饮马湖、马兰山一带发现了三叠纪地层最高层位，取得了丰富的沉积岩相资料。采集到大量古生物化石，其时代定为晚三叠世诺利期。种种迹象显示，巴颜喀拉山群顶部这套陆棚-海陆交互相的进积型沉积应为该盆地闭合期的产物。     

可可西里盐湖表层沉积物中粘土矿物的环境信息

通过对可可西里盐湖表层沉积物中粘土矿物的研究,以期获得近年来湖区的某些环境信息.研究结果表明:沉积物中的粘土矿物主要为伊利石和绿泥石,非粘土矿物主要为石英、方解石和长石以及少量白云石、文石、闪石和石膏等.样品中＜2μm的粘土矿物以伊利石和绿泥石为主,局部样品含少量有序伊/蒙混层.根据样品分布特点和粘土矿物的组合类型,将样品划分为3个区域:1区和3区的矿物组合为伊利石、绿泥石和有序伊/蒙混层;2区为伊利石和绿泥石,无伊像混层矿物.其中1区和3区样品的结晶度(IC)范围为0.41～0.59,均值为0.51;2区样品的结晶度范围为0.25～0.40,均值为0.34,明显低于1区和3区,说明2区样品中的伊利石具有更高的结晶度.样品的伊利石化学指数(CI)均小于0.5,表明该伊利石为富Fe-Mg伊利石,主要是物理风化作用的结果.伊利石和绿泥石作为主要粘土矿物反映了近年来整个湖区的环境以干冷为主,局部区域(1区和3区)出现的少量有序I/S混层矿物则指示在短期内曾经历过短暂的干湿交替环境.此外,在酸性介质条件下,少量伊利石发生弱水解作用导致晶格中的K+淋失,并转化为伊/蒙混层矿物,同时也降低了伊利石的结晶度.     

青海可可西里地区新生代火山岩研究

可可西里新生代火山岩主要出露在昆南断裂以南和东经９２°３０′以西的区域内，基本沿近东西走向的大型逆冲－走滑断裂带分布，可分为渐新世、中新世两期。渐新世熔岩的斑晶矿物组合为拉长石－透辉石－顽火辉石，中新世熔岩的为中长石－次透辉石（包括少量透辉石、普通辉石）－古铜辉石。总体而言这些火山岩富碱高钾（Ｋ２Ｏ＞３％，Ｋ２Ｏ／Ｎａ２Ｏ＞１），普遍富集大离子亲石元素，稀土元素含量很高并且轻重稀土比值很大。渐新世火山岩为高钾钙碱性系列，中新世岩石属于钾玄岩系。前者的微量元素和稀土元素的含量以及轻重稀土比均低于后者。所有岩石均具有较高的Ｓｒ同位素（＞０．７０７）和相对较低的Ｎｄ同位素（＜０．５１２４）组成，表现出源区曾受到年轻地壳的影响。高钾钙碱性岩系和钾玄岩系的岩石是大陆碰撞造山后期岩浆作用的产物。始新世以来，随着该区由碰撞、挤压作用发展到出现走滑，应力环境由挤压转变为张性，导致依次喷发高钾钙碱性岩系熔岩和钾玄岩系熔岩，在岩浆演化过程中这两个岩系则沿相同的趋势发展