Variations in elastic thickness and flexure of the Maracaibo block

We estimate the lateral variations of the elastic thickness of the Maracaibo block with a 3D numerical approach by using centered finite differences. The calculation is based on solving the fourth-order partial differential equation that governs the bending of a thin plate fixed on its boundaries (zero displacement) with variable thickness (or elastic thickness for this particular case). An initial plate-load model is built and is iteratively modified to fit the general basement configuration and gravity data. The final result is an elastic thickness map that covers the Maracaibo block and the surrounding sections of the South American plate. It shows that the elastic thickness ranges from 30 km to 18 km with a mean value of 23.6 km and a mode of 26 km. The largest elastic thickness values are associated with the location of the Santa Marta Mountains and the Barinas Apure Basin, while the smallest ones with the Mérida Andes-Maracaibo Basin flexural system. The current basement configuration within the Maracaibo basin, formed as a result of its geodynamic evolution, has affected the mechanical properties of the Maracaibo block near the current Mérida Andes position. The load of the Perijá Range is compensated by a complex stress tensor, and that of the Santa Marta Mountains does not have an isostatic root as it is held by a relatively strong lithosphere.     

Calibration of paired watersheds: Utility of moving sums in presence of externalities

Historically, paired watershed studies have been used to quantify the hydrological effects of land use and management practices by concurrently monitoring 2 similar watersheds during calibration (pretreatment) and post‐treatment periods. This study characterizes seasonal water table and flow response to rainfall during the calibration period and tests a change detection technique of moving sums of recursive residuals (MOSUM) to select calibration periods for each control–treatment watershed pair when the regression coefficients for daily water table elevation were most stable to minimize regression model uncertainty. The control and treatment watersheds were 1 watershed of 3–4‐year‐old intensely managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) with natural understory, 1 watershed of 3–4‐year‐old loblolly pine intercropped with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), 1 watershed of 14–15‐year‐old thinned loblolly pine with natural understory (control), and 1 watershed of switchgrass only. The study period spanned from 2009 to 2012. Silvicultural operational practices during this period acted as external factors, potentially shifting hydrologic calibration relationships between control and treatment watersheds. MOSUM results indicated significant changes in regression parameters due to silvicultural operations and were used to identify stable relationships for water table elevation. None of the calibration relationships developed using this method were significantly different from the classical calibration relationship based on published historical data. We attribute that to the similarity of historical and 2010–2012 leaf area index on control and treatment watersheds as moderated by the emergent vegetation. Although the MOSUM approach does not eliminate the need for true calibration data or replace the classic paired watershed approach, our results show that it may be an effective alternative approach when true data are unavailable, as it minimizes the impacts of external disturbances other than the treatment of interest.     

New P–T constraints on the Tamayen glaucophane‐bearing rocks,eastern Taiwan: Perple_X modelling results and geodynamic implications

New pseudosection modelling was applied to better constrain the P–T conditions and evolution of glaucophane‐bearing rocks in the Tamayen block of the Yuli belt, recognized as the world's youngest known blueschist complex. Based on the predominant clinoamphibole, textural relationships, and mineral compositions, these glaucophane‐bearing high‐P rocks can be divided into four types. We focused on the three containing garnet. The chief phase assemblages are (in decreasing mode): amphibole + quartz + epidote + garnet + chlorite + rutile/titanite (Type‐I), phengite + amphibole + quartz + garnet + chlorite + epidote + titanite + biotite + magnetite (Type‐II), and amphibole + quartz + albite + epidote + garnet + rutile + hematite + titanite (Type‐III). Amphibole exhibits compositional zoning from core to rim as follows: glaucophane → pargasitic amphibole → actinolite (Type‐I), barroisite → Mg‐katophorite/taramite → Fe‐glaucophane (Type‐II), glaucophane → winchite (Type‐III). Using petrographic data, mineral compositions and Perple_X modelling (pseudosections and superimposed isopleths), peak P–T conditions were determined as 13 ± 1 kbar and 550 ± 40 °C for Type‐I, 10.5 ± 0.5 kbar and 560 ± 30 °C for Type‐II (thermal peak) and 11 ± 1 kbar and 530 ± 30 °C for Type‐III. The calculations yield higher pressures and temperatures than previously thought; the difference is ~1–6 kbar and 50–200 °C. The three rock types record similar P–T retrograde paths with clockwise trajectories; all rocks followed trajectories with substantial pressure decrease under near‐isothermal conditions (Type‐I and Type‐III), with the probable exception of Type‐II where decompression followed colder geotherms. The P–T paths suggest a tectonic environment in which the rocks were exhumed from maximum depths of ~45 km within a subduction channel along a relative cold geothermal gradient of ~11–14 °C km^?1.     

华南壳幔结构与动力学的宽频地震观测研究

了解华南各岩石圈块体壳幔结构和各向异性方面的差异是揭示华南深部构造演化的基础。本文利用布设于华南的两条宽频地震测线观测数据,采用多种地震学方法对华南的地壳上地幔结构和各向异性进行了研究。接收函数结果表明,华南地区地壳厚度和岩石圈厚度都较薄,地壳厚度自东南沿海向西北内陆增厚,扬子克拉通的泊松比(波速比)低于华夏块体,表明扬子克拉通地壳较华夏块体更偏长英质。约北纬29°以北的扬子克拉通地幔转换带厚度明显增厚,可能是由地幔转换带底部停滞的冷的古太平洋板片或中生代克拉通碰撞残留造成的。层析成像结果显示华南上地幔具有很强的横向差异性,上地幔中的强烈低速异常体可能对应了晚中生代发生广泛岩浆作用时的岩浆房和岩浆通道。台湾下方的上地幔存在南北横向差异明显的高速异常,分别对应台湾南部向东俯冲的欧亚板块及台湾北部向北俯冲的菲律宾海板块。俯冲的欧亚板块在台湾南部是连续的,而在台湾中北部,由于与菲律宾海板块的相互作用,俯冲的欧亚板块被折断。剪切波分裂结果显示,以江绍断裂为界,华夏块体与扬子克拉通的岩石圈地幔各向异性存在明显的横向变化,表明两者的构造演化过程有显著差异。     

新疆库鲁克塔格青白口系北塞纳尔塔格组流纹岩的成因及其地质意义

运用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年获得库鲁塔格西山口地区北塞纳尔塔格组蚀变流纹岩的形成时代为841.0±1.4Ma（MSWD=0.42）, 蚀变流纹岩的发现指示塔里木北缘新元古代中期除发育大量的侵入岩外还存在火山活动。地球化学特征分析表明, 岩石富集Rb、 Ba、 K等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素, 明显亏损Nb、 Ta、 P、 Ti等高场强元素。此外岩石富集Sr、 强烈亏损Y和Yb, 高的Sr/Y（>40）和（La/Yb）_N（>40）比值的特征与埃达克岩类似。蚀变流纹岩Hf同位素值ε_Hf（t）=-29～-9, Hf的二阶段模式年龄T_DM²=3.43～2.24Ga, 结合岩石较低的Mg^#、 Eu正异常以及强烈亏损重稀土元素的特征表明,其可能源于加厚古老基性下地壳的部分熔融。此外蚀变流纹岩低的锆石饱和温度T_Zr=761℃～768℃,表明源区发生部分熔融时存在外来流体的加入。结合已有区域地质资料, 初步认为蚀变流纹岩形成与塔里木北缘新元古代早、 中期洋—陆俯冲碰撞作用有关。     

History of faulting in the Northern Hastings Block,southern New England Orogen

Brittle failure is common in the Devonian to Permian rocks in the Northern Hastings Block (NHB) and is manifested by faults of different orientation and kinematic histories, but the timing of fault movement is not well defined. In this study, faults in the NHB were analysed with the map pattern of cross-cutting faults used to estimate the relative time of movement and relationship to other faults. We defined five episodes of faulting or fault reactivation that affected the NHB. The Yarras Fault System on the southwestern side of the NHB and the Parrabel Fault and related faults on the eastern side of the NHB are the two major fault systems responsible for transporting and rotating the NHB in the late Carboniferous. Faults on the eastern, northeastern and northern part of Parrabel Dome started and stopped moving after emplacement of the Hastings Block and before the intrusion of the Werrikimbe Triassic granitoids. We suggested that the movement on the major bounding faults is related to the accommodation of the NHB to the folding and cleavage development in the adjoining Nambucca Block, and is associated with the earliest part of the Hunter–Bowen Orogeny. Limited dextral movement on the extensions of the Taylors Arm Fault System caused minor displacements in the northeastern part of the NHB during the Late Triassic. Some small faults cut the Triassic granitoids or Triassic Lorne Basin sediments indicating tectonic activity continued post-Triassic.     

以SRTM-DEM为控制的光学卫星遥感立体影像正射纠正

针对全球测图缺少统一的控制基准的问题,提出了利用SRTM-DEM作为控制基准,对光学卫星遥感影像进行正射纠正的方法。首先,对光学卫星影像构建的立体影像对进行自由网平差并制作DEM;然后,以SRTM-DEM作为控制,将DEM作为单元模型,进行独立模型法DEM区域网平差,获得单元模型的定向参数;最后,改正立体影像的成像几何模型参数,进行正射纠正。选取湖北咸宁和江西某地两个测区的资源三号数据进行试验,试验结果表明,资源三号正视全色影像的平面定向精度由12.93像素提高到6.85像素。     

城区地表形变差分TomoSAR监测方法

压缩感知技术(CS)的差分TomoSAR技术解决了中高分辨率SAR数据在城区出现的叠掩问题,实现了城区地表形变信息的重构,但是该方法仅利用了目标的稀疏特性并没有考虑目标的结构特性,对具有这两种特性的目标进行重构时其性能较差。针对这一问题,本文采用联合Khatri-Rao子空间和块压缩感知(KRS-BCS),提出了一种差分SAR层析成像方法。该方法依据目标的结构特性和重构观测矩阵具有的Khatri-Rao积性质,将稀疏结构目标的差分TomoSAR问题转化为Khatri-Rao子空间下的BCS问题,然后对目标进行块稀疏的l1/l2范数最优化求解,最后通过理论分析和仿真试验对分辨能力和重构估计性能进行了定性和定量评价,仿真结果表明本文所采用的KRS-BCS方法不仅保持了高分辨率的优点,而且有效地降低了虚假目标出现的概率,大幅度提高了散射点准确重构概率,切实可行地解决了CS方法的不足。应用实例研究中,利用34景Envisat卫星ASAR时间序列影像对日本千叶县茂原市城区进行地表形变监测,并以一等水准点和实时测量的GPS站点观测数据作为参考形变结果进行验证,试验结果表明采用KRS-BCS方法反演的结果与参考形变结果保持了良好的一致性且形变速率整体偏差也较小,实现了较高精度的城区地表形变估计。     

基于有理多项式模型的GF4卫星区域影像平差处理方法及精度验证

分析了我国首颗静止轨道光学遥感卫星高分四号(GF4)特有的区域成像模式的几何特性,基于静止轨道成像基高比较小的几何特性提出一种利用平均高程面的区域网平差方法。该方法针对GF4卫星影像构建了基于有理多项式模型RFM的区域网平差模型,并在无控制条件下,对GF4卫星区域影像进行区域网平差处理,解决了GF4号区域影像由于定轨误差、定姿误差、大气折光以及镜头畸变等因素导致的拼接精度较低的问题。最后,通过两组真实数据试验对本文方法的精度及有效性进行了验证,同时分析了采用不同的误差补偿模型对于平差结果精度的影响。     

一种基于灰度块匹配的视野监测算法

针对视野移动方向的判断问题,该文介绍了运动补偿的常用方法及应用,提出了基于灰度块匹配的视野移动监测算法。通过对比各种算法计算复杂度和计算时间,发现灰度投影算法准确率低、计算量较小;块匹配搜索算法中的穷尽搜索算法准确率高,但是计算量较大。为了发挥以上两者算法的优势,将两者结合形成了灰度块匹配算法,并通过实验证实了灰度块匹配算法在实时监测系统中的可行性。