Capturing the essential spatial variability in distributed hydrological modelling: Infiltration parameters

Selecting the correct resolution in distributed hydrological modelling at the watershed scale is essential in reducing scale-related errors. The work presented herein uses information content (entropy) to identify the resolution which captures the essential variability, at the watershed scale, of the infiltration parameters in the Green and Ampt infiltration equation. A soil map of the Little Washita watershed in south-west Oklahoma, USA was used to investigate the effects of grid cell resolution on the distributed modelling of infiltration. Soil-derived parameters and infiltration exhibit decreased entropy as resolutions become coarser. This is reflected in a decrease in the maximum entropy value for the reclassified/derived parameters vis a vis the original data. Moreover, the entropy curve, when plotted against resolution, shows two distinct segments: a constant section where no entropy was lost with decreasing resolution and another part which is characterized by a sharp decrease in entropy after a critical resolution of 1209 m is reached. This methodology offers a technique for assessing the largest cell size that captures the spatial variability of infiltration parameters for a particular basin. A geographical information system (GIS) based rainfall-runoff model is used to simulate storm hydrographs using infiltration parameter maps at different resolutions as inputs. Model results up to the critical resolution are reproducible and errors are small. However, at resolutions beyond the critical resolution the results are erratic with large errors. A major finding of this study is that a large resolution (1209 m for this basin) yields reproducible model results. When modelling a river basin using a distributed model, the resolution (grid cell size) can drastically affect the model results and calibration. The error structure attributable to grid cell resolution using entropy as a spatial variability measure is shown.     

球面等积网格系统生成算法与软件模型研究

利用全球离散网格系统管理海量空间信息是一种受到普遍关注的新途径,具有等积特性的网格系统在大范围遥感影像数据处理方面具有重要的理论意义和应用前景。文中论述的算法在二十面体展开图上建立坐标系描述不同剖分产生的多分辨率网格,利用施奈德多面体投影映射到球面。针对算法特点设计具有网络模拟功能的软件模型。实验结果表明,该软件模型具有较好的扩展性。     

油气藏水力压裂计算模拟技术研究现状与展望

水力压裂技术是油气藏尤其是页岩气开发中的核心技术,利用数值模拟方法进行压裂优化和产能预测又是水力压裂成功的关键。本文首先介绍了水力压裂技术的发展历程。然后从计算模型(二维模型、拟三维模型和全三维模型)和数值模拟方法(基于连续介质和基于非连续介质)两方面对油气藏开发领域的水力压裂计算模拟技术进行较全面的总结。最后,从以下3个方面指出现今研究的不足并提出了进一步的研究建议:(1)全三维模型的完善-全三维模型应当与真实的工程参数和监测数据结合,用于校正模型本身,而校正后的全三维模型又可预测和优化新的现场水力压裂作业; (2)数值模拟方法的选用-已有的水力压裂数值模拟方法种类繁多,需要针对各种方法的适用范围、计算效率和模拟效果等,进行全面的比较和优化; (3)页岩储层中天然裂缝网络的数值模拟-天然裂隙网络加剧了页岩储层力学性质的各向异性,同时水力裂缝沟通天然裂缝活化扩展是有利于储层的增渗增产,对压裂缝网的形态、尺寸和连通率等起着至关重要的作用。因此,数值计算过程中综合考虑页岩储层中天然裂缝与水力裂缝的相互作用,将是未来水力压裂模拟的热点。     

对等导航服务网格平台的设计与实现

针对网格环境下导航地图数据的共享与管理问题,文章提出以多级分区空间索引目录结构为基础的对等导航服务网格体系结构:分析了对等导航服务网格平台实现的关键技术,并基于Globus Toolkit设计实现了对等导航应用服务网格实验平台,提供了全国范围的地图浏览、定位监控、路径分析等服务。实验结果表明该平台能为位置服务应用提供高效的服务。     

Models of sub-grid variability in numerical simulations of solute transport in heterogeneous porous formations: three-dimensional flow and effect of pore-scale dispersion

Modeling transport of contaminants in the earths subsurface relies on numerical solutions over grids with blocks larger than Darcys scale. The hydraulic conductivity is homogenized over the grid blocks and the plumes spreading is reduced as a consequence of the wiped-out variability. To compensate for this loss Rubin et al. (1999) proposed to augment mixing by block-effective dispersion coefficients, and Rubin et al. (2003) showed, by means of two dimensional simulations, how this concept can be applied in practice. In this paper, we present new solutions of the block-effective dispersion tensor for an axisymmetric exponential covariance model. In addition, we discuss the influence of pore-scale dispersion in both two- and three-dimensional applications.     

基于QTM的海平面上升分析与模拟

针对海平面上升影响范围分析与模拟这一国际前沿问题,通过研究基于球面四元三角网(QTM)的关键技术问题,包括复杂拓扑关系计算、LOD剖分、球面水淹分析、基于QTM的多分辨率的DEM数据组织方法和分析精度的相关性评定等,以.Net和Direct3D为开发工具,设计开发了基于QTM的海平面上升影响范围评估模型。该研究结果可为全球海平面上升影响的防灾减灾决策提供有效支撑,并推动了球面数据模型和球面格网拓扑分析的理论成果在全球变化预测相关领域的应用进展。     

Prediction Errors Associated with Sparse Grid Estimates of Flows over Hills

Numerical simulations of geophysical flows have to be done on very sparse grids. Nevertheless, flows over moderately sloped hills can be predicted quite accurately as long as the near ground vertical resolution is reasonably dense. Recirculation flows behind steeper hills are associated with slow convergence towards grid independent integrations, but even then moderately stratified flows of this type can be predicted usefully accurately. For better horizontal grids than about half the hill-height Δx ₁/H ≈ 0.5 or so, separation and recirculating domains are predicted with an error factor comparable to 0.3. The characteristic wavelength of lee waves is predicted more accurately while the lee wave amplitude and the maximum turbulence intensity in recirculating domains are underestimated by factors comparable to 0.3. Strongly stratified flows may be associated with hydraulic transitions and even this is predicted on quite coarse grids, up to say Δx ₁/H ≈ 0.5. However, the details of such flows turn out to be predicted with considerable errors also on high-resolution grids. Inaccurate modelling of stratified turbulence is a main contributor to this error.     

Improved grid search method: an efficient tool for global computation of periodic orbits

We present an improved grid search method for the global computation of periodic orbits in model problems of Dynamics, and the classification of these orbits into families. The method concerns symmetric periodic orbits in problems of two degrees of freedom with a conserved quantity, and is applied here to problems of Celestial Mechanics. It consists of two main phases; a global sampling technique in a two-dimensional space of initial conditions and a data processing procedure for the classification (clustering) of the periodic orbits into families characterized by continuous evolution of the orbital parameters of member orbits. The method is tested by using it to recompute known results. It is then applied with advantage to the determination of the branch families of the family f of retrograde satellites in Hill’s Lunar problem, and to the determination of irregular families of periodic orbits in a perturbed Hill problem, a species of families which are difficult to find by continuation methods.      

城市空间框架数据研究

该文基于地理空间概念和地理信息数字化表达与共享的特点,探讨了框架数据的作用、确定原则,推导出城市空间框架数据体系,即建立城市直接空间参照体系和间接空间参照体系。后者中,基于地块的多尺度无缝不规则网格是整合城市社会经济数据的关键,也是当前城市空间数据基础设施框架数据体系建设中的薄弱环节。     

网格GIS及其在数字油田中的应用探讨

数字油田是解决当前油田智能化管理问题的最好途径。该文分析了当前油田建设中所面临的问题,结合油田在勘探开发中的实际需要,特别就当前数字油田建设中所面临的共性问题,在分析现有油田技术及发展需求的基础上,指出了基于中间件的分布式网格GIS技术是解决当前数字油田领域中所存在的问题的最佳方式,并讨论了其实现过程。