Development of a chemistry module for GCMs: first results of a multiannual integration

The comprehensive chemistry module CHEM has been developed for application in general circulation models (GCMs) describing tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, including photochemical reactions and heterogeneous reactions on sulphate aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds. It has been coupled to the spectral atmospheric GCM ECHAM3. The model configuration used in the current study has been run in an –off-line mode, i.e. the calculated chemical species do not affect the radiative forcing of the dynamic fields. First results of a 15-year model integration indicate that the model ECHAM3/CHEM runs are numerically efficient and stable, i.e. that no model drift can be detected in dynamic and chemical parameters. The model reproduces the main features regarding ozone, in particular intra- and interannual variability. The ozone columns are somewhat higher than observed (approximately 10%), while the amplitude of the annual cycle is in agreement with observations. A comparison with HALOE data reveals, however, a serious model deficiency regarding lower-stratosphere dynamics at high latitudes. Contrary to what is concluded by observations, the lower stratosphere is characterized by slight upward motions in the polar regions, so that some of the mentioned good agreements must be considered as fortuitous. Nevertheless, ECHAM3/CHEM well describes the chemical processes leading to ozone reduction. It has been shown that the mean fraction of the northern hemisphere, which is covered by polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) as well as the temporal appearance of PSCs in the model, is in fair agreement with observations. The model results show an activation of chlorine inside the polar vortex which is stronger in the southern than in the northern winter hemisphere, yielding an ozone hole over the Antarctic; this hole, however, is also caused to a substantial degree by the dynamics. Interhemispheric differences concerning reformation of chlorine reservoir species HCl and ClONO₂ in spring have also been well reproduced by the model.     

Analysis of oil lens removal by extraction through a seepage face

Removal of LNAPL (oil) from an aquifer is described using a multiphase flow model. At the well boundary seepage face conditions are imposed. These conditions are implemented in a numerical model and withdrawal in a twodimensional domain is simulated for two different geometries of the oil lens and for varied values of the physical parameters. Assuming vertical equilibrium, the oil flow equation is reduced by vertical integration. The well boundary condition is approximated by imposing zero oil lens thickness. Similarity solutions of the reduced equations for the two geometries show good agreement with the numerical results in most cases.     

Distance determination and low-resolution spectroscopy of the planetary nebula M1-79

In this paper we present the first individual distance to the Galactic planetary nebula (PN) M1-79 determined using the reddening–distance method. Our result is 2.7 ± 0.9 pc (i.e. an accuracy of ≈ 30 per cent). By means of optical low-resolution spectroscopy spanning a usable range of ≈ 3650–7100 Å, the chemical composition of this PN is studied. Elemental abundances are given for O, N, and Ne, along with ionic abundances for several ions for three different regions within the nebula. The ionic abundances can be attributed to the effects of ionization stratification. There is no evidence for internal variations of O and N. From its chemical composition, morphology and kinematics, M1-79 is most probably a type I PN.     

地球节律的成因

地球节律主要受地球内部能量间歇性的释放所控制。旋转系统有不同于非旋转系统的位能、热能和旋转能的相互转换方式。在重力分异和热对流过程中，地核不仅有巨量热能，而且有巨量的旋转能和放射性蜕变能。这是地球能量释放的内因。天文因素使地球内核周期性地南北振动，使地球轨道、体积，形状、自转速度、公转速度和差异旋转状态周期性地变化。这是地球能量间歇性释放的外因。对作差异旋转的内核而言，万有引力常数Ｇ的变化可以改变太阳辐射量和太阳系体积，影响核幔的角动量交换和地壳地幔容积，造成热幔柱的形成与喷发，控制了核幔边界的能量交换过程。这是天文周期与地质旋回一一对应的原因，也是地球节律产生的根本原因。这使人们可以从天文周期预测地质变动。     

吉林省1∶20万数字地质图空间数据库的应用

1∶20万数字地质图空间数据库中存在着大量的地质矿产信息,有效地利用这些数据进行空间分析,研究矿产与控矿因素之间的关系,总结找矿地质特征,利用GIS系统可非常快捷、方便的在成矿预测工作中起到十分重要的作用。     

The influence of matrix rheology and vorticity on fabric development of populations of rigid objects during plane strain deformation

The influence of vorticity and rheology of matrix material on the development of shape-preferred orientation (SPO) of populations of rigid objects was experimentally studied. Experiments in plane strain monoclinic flow were performed to model the fabric development of two populations of rectangular rigid objects with object aspect ratios (R_ob) 2 and 3. The density of the rigid object populations was 14% of the total area. Objects were dispersed in a Newtonian and a non-Newtonian, power law matrix material with a power law exponent n of 1.2. The kinematic vorticity number (W_n) of the plane strain monoclinic flow was 1, 0.8 and 0.6 with finite simple shear strain of 4.6, 3.0 and 0.9, respectively. In experiments with R_ob=3, the SPO is strongly influenced by W_n and the material properties of the matrix. Deformation of a power law matrix material and low W_n resulted in a stronger SPO than deformation of a linear viscous matrix and high W_n. Strain localization coupled with particle interaction plays a significant role in the development of a shape-preferred orientation. High strain simple shear zones separate trains of rigid objects that are surrounded by low strain zones with W_n lower than the bulk W_n. In fabrics involving populations of objects with R_ob=2, rheology of the matrix materials does not systematically influence the intensity of the SPO.     

用Occam法及广义逆法对兰州地区MT资料的一维反演解释

分别用Occam法和广义逆法对兰州地区MT资料进行了一维反演，两种反演结果可相互印证，使得解释结果更为可靠。并和相应资料的二维反演结果相一致。     

GNSS多系统集成的兼容性问题

分析了GNSS多系统组合导航定位的优势,论证了GPS/GLONASS/GALIEO 系统集成的兼容性,并阐述了相应的归算模型,最后探讨了GNSS兼容机的关键技术,为实现多系统组合导航提供了一定的理论依据.